Differentiation of COVID‐19 signs and symptoms from allergic rhinitis and common cold: An ARIA‐EAACI‐GA 2 LEN consensus
Jan Hagemann
(1)
,
Gabrielle Onorato
(2)
,
Marek Jutel
(3)
,
Cezmi Akdis
(4)
,
Ioana Agache
(5)
,
Torsten Zuberbier
(6)
,
Wienczyslawa Czarlewski
(7)
,
Joaquim Mullol
(8, 9)
,
Anna Bedbrook
(2, 10)
,
Claus Bachert
(11, 12, 13)
,
Kazi Bennoor
(14)
,
Karl-Christian Bergmann
(15)
,
Fulvio Braido
(16)
,
Paulo Camargos
(17)
,
Luis Caraballo
(18, 19)
,
Victoria Cardona
(20, 21)
,
Thomas Casale
(22)
,
Lorenzo Cecchi
(23)
,
Tomas Chivato
(24)
,
Derek Chu
(25)
,
Cemal Cingi
(26)
,
Jaime Correia-De-Sousa
(27, 28, 29)
,
Stefano del Giacco
(30)
,
Dejan Dokic
(31)
,
Mark Dykewicz
(32)
,
Motohiro Ebisawa
(33)
,
Yehia El-Gamal
(34)
,
Regina Emuzyte
(35)
,
Jean-Luc Fauquert
(36)
,
Alessandro Fiocchi
(37)
,
Wytske Fokkens
(38, 39)
,
Joao Fonseca
(40, 41)
,
Bilun Gemicioglu
(42)
,
René-Maximiliano Gomez
(43)
,
Maia Gotua
(44)
,
Tari Haahtela
(45)
,
Eckard Hamelmann
(46)
,
Tomohisa Iinuma
(47)
,
Juan Carlos Ivancevich
(48)
,
Ewa Jassem
(49)
,
Omer Kalayci
(50)
,
Przemyslaw Kardas
(51)
,
Musa Khaitov
(52)
,
Piotr Kuna
(51)
,
Violeta Kvedariene
(35)
,
Desiree Larenas-Linnemann
(53)
,
Brian Lipworth
(54)
,
Michael Makris
(55)
,
Jorge Maspero
(56)
,
Neven Miculinic
,
Florin Mihaltan
(57)
,
Yousser Mohammad
(58, 59)
,
Stephen Montefort
(60)
,
Mario Morais-Almeida
(61)
,
Ralph Mösges
(62)
,
Robert Naclerio
(63)
,
Hugo Neffen
,
Marek Niedoszytko
(49)
,
Robyn O'Hehir
(64, 65)
,
Ken Ohta
(66)
,
Yoshitaka Okamoto
(47)
,
Kimi Okubo
(67)
,
Petr Panzner
(68)
,
Nikolaos Papadopoulos
(69)
,
Giovanni Passalacqua
(70)
,
Vincenzo Patella
(71)
,
Ana Pereira
(40, 41, 72)
,
Oliver Pfaar
(73)
,
Davor Plavec
(74, 75)
,
Todor Popov
(76)
,
Emmanuel Prokopakis
(77)
,
Francesca Puggioni
(78)
,
Filip Raciborski
(79)
,
Jere Reijula
(45)
,
Frederico Regateiro
(80)
,
Sietze Reitsma
(81)
,
Antonino Romano
(82, 83)
,
Nelson Rosario
(84)
,
Menachem Rottem
(85)
,
Dermot Ryan
(86)
,
Boleslaw Samolinski
(79)
,
Joaquin Sastre
(9)
,
Dirceu Solé
(87)
,
Milan Sova
(88)
,
Cristiana Stellato
(89)
,
Charlotte Suppli-Ulrik
(90)
,
Ioanna Tsiligianni
(77)
,
Antonio Valero
(9, 91)
,
Arunas Valiulis
(35, 92)
,
Erkka Valovirta
(93, 94)
,
Tuula Vasankari
(93, 95)
,
Maria Teresa Ventura
(96)
,
Dana Wallace
(97)
,
de Yun Wang
(98)
,
Siân Williams
(99)
,
Arzu Yorgancioglu
(100)
,
Osman Yusuf
(101)
,
Mario Zernotti
(102)
,
Jean Bousquet
(103, 2, 6)
,
Ludger Klimek
(1, 104)
1
University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
2 MACVIA-LR - Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon
3 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland]
4 SIAF - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research
5 Transilvania University of Brasov
6 HU Berlin - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin = Humboldt University of Berlin = Université Humboldt de Berlin
7 Medical Consulting Czarlewski
8 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)
9 CIBERES - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias
10 MASK-air
11 Ghent University Hospital
12 SYSU - Sun Yat-sen University [Guangzhou]
13 Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]
14 National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH)
15 Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Berlin University Medicine
16 Ospedale Policlinico San Martino [Genoa]
17 UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais = Federal University of Minas Gerais [Belo Horizonte, Brazil]
18 University of Cartagena
19 FUNDEMEB - Foundation for the Development of Medical and Biological Sciences
20 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona]
21 National Network ARADyAL - Allergy Unit [Malaga, Spain]
22 USF - University of South Florida [Tampa]
23 Azienda Usl Toscana centro [Firenze]
24 CEU-San Pablo University and HM-Hospitals School of Medicine
25 McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario]
26 Eskisehir Osmangazi University
27 Universidade do Minho = University of Minho [Braga]
28 ICVS - Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [Braga]
29 IPCRG - The International Primary Care Respiratory Group
30 UniCa - Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari = Université de Cagliari
31 Sts. Cyril and Methodius University
32 Saint Louis University School of Medicine [St Louis]
33 Sagamihara National Hospital [Kanagawa, Japan]
34 ASU - Ain Shams University
35 Vilnius University [Vilnius]
36 Service de Pédiatrie Générale [CHU Clermont-Ferrand]
37 IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù = Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital
38 AMC - Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam]
39 EUFOREA - European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases
40 CINTESIS - Center of Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems
41 CUF Porto Hospital
42 Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine
43 ALAS Medical Institute
44 Center for Allergy and Immunology Research [Tbilisi]
45 Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
46 Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University
47 Chiba University Hospital
48 Clinica Santa Isabel - Servicio de Alergia e ImmunologiaBuenos Aires
49 Medical University of Gdańsk
50 Faculty of Medicine [Hacettepe University]
51 MUL - Medical University of Łódź
52 Federal Medicobiological Agency [Moscow, Russian Federation]
53 Hospital Medica Sur [Mexico City, Mexico]
54 Ninewells Hospital and Medical School [Dundee]
55 “Attikon” University Hospital
56 Argentine Association of Allergy and Immunology
57 Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumology
58 Tishreen University
59 Université de Damas = Damascus University
60 University of Malta [Malta]
61 Hospital CUF Descobertas
62 CRI - Clinical Research International Ltd [Hamburg, Germany]
63 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore]
64 Nemours/Alfred I. du Pont Hospital for Children
65 Monash University [Melbourne]
66 Tokyo National Hospital
67 Nippon Medical School [Tokyo, Japon]
68 First Faculty of Medicine Charles University
69 Royal Manchester Children's Hospital
70 UniGe - Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa
71 ASL - Santa Maria della Speranza Hospital
72 Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
73 Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg
74 J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek
75 Children’s Hospital Srebrnjak [Zagreb, Croatia]
76 St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital = University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski
77 UOC - University of Crete [Heraklion]
78 IRCCS Humanitas [Rozzano, Italy]
79 Medical University of Warsaw - Poland
80 Centro Hospitalar e Universitário [Coimbra]
81 Amsterdam UMC - Amsterdam University Medical Centers
82 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Troina, Italy]
83 Fondazione Mediterranea - Clinica G.B. Morgagni
84 PUCPR - Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná
85 Ha’Emek Medical Center [Afula, Israel]
86 Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics [Edinburgh, U.K.]
87 Unifesp - Federal University of Sao Paulo
88 University Hospital Olomouc [Czech Republic]
89 UNISA - Università degli Studi di Salerno = University of Salerno
90 Copenhagen University Hospital
91 IDIBAPS - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer
92 EAP/UEMS-SP - European Academy of Paediatrics
93 University of Turku
94 Suomen Terveystalo Allergy Clinic
95 Finnish Lung Health Association
96 UNIBA - Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro
97 NSU - Nova Southeastern University
98 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine [Singapore]
99 IPCRG - The International Primary Care Respiratory Group
100 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Liberal Arts, Celal Bayar University
101 IPCRG - The Allergy & Asthma Institute, Pakistan
102 Universidad Nacional de Villa María
103 CHRU Montpellier - Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier]
104 Allergiezentrum Wiesbaden
2 MACVIA-LR - Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon
3 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland]
4 SIAF - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research
5 Transilvania University of Brasov
6 HU Berlin - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin = Humboldt University of Berlin = Université Humboldt de Berlin
7 Medical Consulting Czarlewski
8 Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)
9 CIBERES - Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias
10 MASK-air
11 Ghent University Hospital
12 SYSU - Sun Yat-sen University [Guangzhou]
13 Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]
14 National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH)
15 Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Berlin University Medicine
16 Ospedale Policlinico San Martino [Genoa]
17 UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais = Federal University of Minas Gerais [Belo Horizonte, Brazil]
18 University of Cartagena
19 FUNDEMEB - Foundation for the Development of Medical and Biological Sciences
20 Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona]
21 National Network ARADyAL - Allergy Unit [Malaga, Spain]
22 USF - University of South Florida [Tampa]
23 Azienda Usl Toscana centro [Firenze]
24 CEU-San Pablo University and HM-Hospitals School of Medicine
25 McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario]
26 Eskisehir Osmangazi University
27 Universidade do Minho = University of Minho [Braga]
28 ICVS - Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [Braga]
29 IPCRG - The International Primary Care Respiratory Group
30 UniCa - Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari = Université de Cagliari
31 Sts. Cyril and Methodius University
32 Saint Louis University School of Medicine [St Louis]
33 Sagamihara National Hospital [Kanagawa, Japan]
34 ASU - Ain Shams University
35 Vilnius University [Vilnius]
36 Service de Pédiatrie Générale [CHU Clermont-Ferrand]
37 IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù = Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital
38 AMC - Academic Medical Center - Academisch Medisch Centrum [Amsterdam]
39 EUFOREA - European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases
40 CINTESIS - Center of Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems
41 CUF Porto Hospital
42 Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine
43 ALAS Medical Institute
44 Center for Allergy and Immunology Research [Tbilisi]
45 Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
46 Universität Bielefeld = Bielefeld University
47 Chiba University Hospital
48 Clinica Santa Isabel - Servicio de Alergia e ImmunologiaBuenos Aires
49 Medical University of Gdańsk
50 Faculty of Medicine [Hacettepe University]
51 MUL - Medical University of Łódź
52 Federal Medicobiological Agency [Moscow, Russian Federation]
53 Hospital Medica Sur [Mexico City, Mexico]
54 Ninewells Hospital and Medical School [Dundee]
55 “Attikon” University Hospital
56 Argentine Association of Allergy and Immunology
57 Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumology
58 Tishreen University
59 Université de Damas = Damascus University
60 University of Malta [Malta]
61 Hospital CUF Descobertas
62 CRI - Clinical Research International Ltd [Hamburg, Germany]
63 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore]
64 Nemours/Alfred I. du Pont Hospital for Children
65 Monash University [Melbourne]
66 Tokyo National Hospital
67 Nippon Medical School [Tokyo, Japon]
68 First Faculty of Medicine Charles University
69 Royal Manchester Children's Hospital
70 UniGe - Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa
71 ASL - Santa Maria della Speranza Hospital
72 Universidade do Porto = University of Porto
73 Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg
74 J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek
75 Children’s Hospital Srebrnjak [Zagreb, Croatia]
76 St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital = University Hospital St. Ivan Rilski
77 UOC - University of Crete [Heraklion]
78 IRCCS Humanitas [Rozzano, Italy]
79 Medical University of Warsaw - Poland
80 Centro Hospitalar e Universitário [Coimbra]
81 Amsterdam UMC - Amsterdam University Medical Centers
82 IRCCS - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Troina, Italy]
83 Fondazione Mediterranea - Clinica G.B. Morgagni
84 PUCPR - Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná
85 Ha’Emek Medical Center [Afula, Israel]
86 Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics [Edinburgh, U.K.]
87 Unifesp - Federal University of Sao Paulo
88 University Hospital Olomouc [Czech Republic]
89 UNISA - Università degli Studi di Salerno = University of Salerno
90 Copenhagen University Hospital
91 IDIBAPS - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer
92 EAP/UEMS-SP - European Academy of Paediatrics
93 University of Turku
94 Suomen Terveystalo Allergy Clinic
95 Finnish Lung Health Association
96 UNIBA - Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro
97 NSU - Nova Southeastern University
98 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine [Singapore]
99 IPCRG - The International Primary Care Respiratory Group
100 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Liberal Arts, Celal Bayar University
101 IPCRG - The Allergy & Asthma Institute, Pakistan
102 Universidad Nacional de Villa María
103 CHRU Montpellier - Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier]
104 Allergiezentrum Wiesbaden
Jan Hagemann
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Marek Jutel
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Ioana Agache
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Torsten Zuberbier
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Wienczyslawa Czarlewski
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Joaquim Mullol
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Anna Bedbrook
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Claus Bachert
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Victoria Cardona
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Thomas Casale
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Lorenzo Cecchi
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Tomas Chivato
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Cemal Cingi
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Stefano del Giacco
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Motohiro Ebisawa
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Alessandro Fiocchi
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Wytske Fokkens
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Joao Fonseca
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Maia Gotua
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Tari Haahtela
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Eckard Hamelmann
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Tomohisa Iinuma
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Juan Carlos Ivancevich
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Musa Khaitov
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Piotr Kuna
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Jorge Maspero
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Neven Miculinic
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Ralph Mösges
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Hugo Neffen
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Marek Niedoszytko
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Petr Panzner
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Nikolaos Papadopoulos
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Giovanni Passalacqua
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Vincenzo Patella
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Oliver Pfaar
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Todor Popov
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Frederico Regateiro
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Antonino Romano
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Dermot Ryan
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Joaquin Sastre
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Cristiana Stellato
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Ioanna Tsiligianni
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Arunas Valiulis
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de Yun Wang
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Arzu Yorgancioglu
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Jean Bousquet
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Ludger Klimek
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Résumé
Although there are many asymptomatic patients, one of the problems of COVID-19 is early recognition of the disease. COVID-19 symptoms are polymorphic and may include upper respiratory symptoms. However, COVID-19 symptoms may be mistaken with the common cold or allergic rhinitis. An ARIA-EAACI study group attempted to differentiate upper respiratory symptoms between the three diseases.
Methods: A modified Delphi process was used. The ARIA members who were seeing COVID-19 patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire on the upper airway symptoms of COVID-19, common cold and allergic rhinitis.
Results: Among the 192 ARIA members who were invited to respond to the questionnaire, 89 responded and 87 questionnaires were analysed. The consensus was then reported. A two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in the symptom intensity between the three diseases (p < .001).
Conclusions: This modified Delphi approach enabled the differentiation of upper respiratory symptoms between COVID-19, the common cold and allergic rhinitis. An electronic algorithm will be devised using the questionnaire.