A compendium answering 150 questions on COVID‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2
Carmen Riggioni
(1, 2)
,
Pasquale Comberiati
(3, 4)
,
Mattia Giovannini
(5)
,
Ioana Agache
(6)
,
Mübeccel Akdis
(7)
,
Magna Alves-Correia
(8, 9)
,
Josep Antó
(10, 11, 12)
,
Alessandra Arcolaci
(13)
,
Ahmet Kursat Azkur
(14)
,
Dilek Azkur
(14)
,
Burcin Beken
(15)
,
Cristina Boccabella
(16)
,
Jean Bousquet
(17, 18, 19)
,
Heimo Breiteneder
(20)
,
Daniela Carvalho
(21)
,
Leticia de Las Vecillas
(22)
,
Zuzana Diamant
(23, 24, 25)
,
Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia
(26, 27, 28)
,
Thomas Eiwegger
(29, 30)
,
Stefanie Eyerich
(31, 32)
,
Wytske Fokkens
(33)
,
Ya-Dong Gao
(34)
,
Farah Hannachi
(35)
,
Sebastian Johnston
(36)
,
Marek Jutel
(37, 38)
,
Aspasia Karavelia
(39)
,
Ludger Klimek
(40)
,
Beatriz Moya
(41)
,
Kari Nadeau
(42)
,
Robyn O'Hehir
(43, 44)
,
Liam O'Mahony
(45)
,
Oliver Pfaar
(46)
,
Marek Sanak
(47)
,
Jürgen Schwarze
(48)
,
Milena Sokolowska
(49, 50)
,
María Torres
(27, 28)
,
Willem van de Veen
(49, 50)
,
Menno van Zelm
(43, 44)
,
de Yun Wang
(51)
,
Luo Zhang
(52)
,
Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
(53, 54, 55)
,
Cezmi Akdis
(49)
1
Hospital Sant Joan de Déu [Barcelona]
2 Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu [Barcelona, Spain]
3 UniPi - University of Pisa [Italy] = Università di Pisa [Italia] = Université de Pise [Italie]
4 Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
5 UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence = Université de Florence
6 Transilvania University of Brasov
7 SIAF - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research
8 Hospital CUF Descobertas
9 CINTESIS - Center of Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems
10 ISGlobal - Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona]
11 IMIM-Hospital del Mar
12 UPF - Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]
13 UNIVR - Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona
14 University of Kirikkale
15 Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research and Training Hospital [Istanbul]
16 Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS
17 Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Berlin University Medicine
18 BIH - Berlin Institute of Health
19 MACVIA-LR - Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon
20 Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna
21 NOVA - Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon
22 Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla [Santander]
23 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
24 UK - Univerzita Karlova [Praha, Česká republika] = Charles University [Prague, Czech Republic]
25 UMCG - University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen]
26 IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND - Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina = Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and Nanomedicine Platform
27 Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga = Regional University Hospital of Malaga [Spain]
28 National Network ARADyAL - Allergy Unit [Malaga, Spain]
29 SickKids - The Hospital for sick children [Toronto]
30 University of Toronto
31 CK-CARE, ZAUM - Center of Allergy & Environment
32 HMGU - Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health
33 Amsterdam UMC - Amsterdam University Medical Centers
34 Zhongnan Hospital
35 CHL - Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg [Luxembourg]
36 NHLI - National Heart and Lung Institute [London]
37 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland]
38 ALL-MED
39 “Agios Georgios” General Hospital of Chania
40 Center for Rhinology and Allergology = Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie
41 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre [Madrid]
42 Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research [Stanford]
43 Monash University [Melbourne]
44 The Alfred Hospital
45 UCC - University College Cork
46 Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg
47 UJ - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University
48 Edin. - University of Edinburgh
49 SIAF - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research
50 CK-CARE - Christine Kühne – Centre for Allergy Research and Education
51 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine [Singapore]
52 Beijing Tongren Hospital
53 CNB-CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnología [Madrid]
54 McMaster Immunology Research Centre [Ontario, Canada]
55 UFV - Université Francisco de Vitoria = Universidad Francisco de Vitoria
2 Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu [Barcelona, Spain]
3 UniPi - University of Pisa [Italy] = Università di Pisa [Italia] = Université de Pise [Italie]
4 Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
5 UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence = Université de Florence
6 Transilvania University of Brasov
7 SIAF - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research
8 Hospital CUF Descobertas
9 CINTESIS - Center of Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems
10 ISGlobal - Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona]
11 IMIM-Hospital del Mar
12 UPF - Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]
13 UNIVR - Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona
14 University of Kirikkale
15 Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Research and Training Hospital [Istanbul]
16 Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS
17 Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Berlin University Medicine
18 BIH - Berlin Institute of Health
19 MACVIA-LR - Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon
20 Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna
21 NOVA - Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon
22 Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla [Santander]
23 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
24 UK - Univerzita Karlova [Praha, Česká republika] = Charles University [Prague, Czech Republic]
25 UMCG - University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen]
26 IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND - Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina = Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga and Nanomedicine Platform
27 Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga = Regional University Hospital of Malaga [Spain]
28 National Network ARADyAL - Allergy Unit [Malaga, Spain]
29 SickKids - The Hospital for sick children [Toronto]
30 University of Toronto
31 CK-CARE, ZAUM - Center of Allergy & Environment
32 HMGU - Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health
33 Amsterdam UMC - Amsterdam University Medical Centers
34 Zhongnan Hospital
35 CHL - Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg [Luxembourg]
36 NHLI - National Heart and Lung Institute [London]
37 UWr - University of Wrocław [Poland]
38 ALL-MED
39 “Agios Georgios” General Hospital of Chania
40 Center for Rhinology and Allergology = Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie
41 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre [Madrid]
42 Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research [Stanford]
43 Monash University [Melbourne]
44 The Alfred Hospital
45 UCC - University College Cork
46 Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg
47 UJ - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University
48 Edin. - University of Edinburgh
49 SIAF - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research
50 CK-CARE - Christine Kühne – Centre for Allergy Research and Education
51 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine [Singapore]
52 Beijing Tongren Hospital
53 CNB-CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnología [Madrid]
54 McMaster Immunology Research Centre [Ontario, Canada]
55 UFV - Université Francisco de Vitoria = Universidad Francisco de Vitoria
Carmen Riggioni
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 808680
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8745-0228
Pasquale Comberiati
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 823430
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5209-9733
Mattia Giovannini
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 823431
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9568-6882
Ioana Agache
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 767614
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7994-364X
Mübeccel Akdis
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 767910
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0554-9943
Josep Antó
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 801495
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4736-8529
Ahmet Kursat Azkur
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 823432
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5597-8917
Burcin Beken
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 823434
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7677-7690
Cristina Boccabella
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 823435
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1942-8886
Heimo Breiteneder
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 823402
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2022-8689
Daniela Carvalho
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 823436
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0432-3339
Leticia de Las Vecillas
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 823437
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4969-5678
Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia
- Fonction : Auteur
Thomas Eiwegger
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 802272
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2914-7829
Wytske Fokkens
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 791086
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4852-229X
Marek Jutel
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 798508
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1555-9379
Ludger Klimek
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 791087
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2455-0192
Kari Nadeau
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 798887
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2146-2955
Liam O'Mahony
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 800902
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4705-3583
Oliver Pfaar
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 767433
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4374-9639
Marek Sanak
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 772361
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7635-8103
- IdRef : 149737343
Jürgen Schwarze
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 802278
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6899-748X
Milena Sokolowska
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 800932
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9710-6685
María Torres
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 768805
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5228-471X
de Yun Wang
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 767973
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0909-2963
Cezmi Akdis
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 797369
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8020-019X
Résumé
In December 2019, China reported the first cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has developed into a pandemic. To date, it has resulted in ~9 million confirmed cases and caused almost 500 000 related deaths worldwide. Unequivocally, the COVID-19 pandemic is the gravest health and socioeconomic crisis of our time. In this context, numerous questions have emerged in demand of basic scientific information and evidence-based medical advice on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Although the majority of the patients show a very mild, self-limiting viral respiratory disease, many clinical manifestations in severe patients are unique to COVID-19, such as severe lymphopenia and eosinopenia, extensive pneumonia, a "cytokine storm" leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, endothelitis, thromboembolic complications, and multiorgan failure. The epidemiologic features of COVID-19 are distinctive and have changed throughout the pandemic. Vaccine and drug development studies and clinical trials are rapidly growing at an unprecedented speed. However, basic and clinical research on COVID-19-related topics should be based on more coordinated high-quality studies. This paper answers pressing questions, formulated by young clinicians and scientists, on SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and allergy, focusing on the following topics: virology, immunology, diagnosis, management of patients with allergic disease and asthma, treatment, clinical trials, drug discovery, vaccine development, and epidemiology. A total of 150 questions were answered by experts in the field providing a comprehensive and practical overview of COVID-19 and allergic disease.