Anaesthesia has evolved in France since the last epidemiologic survey in 1996. The national database program for medical information systems (the PMSI) can be used to track specific knowledge concerning anaesthesia for a selected period of time. The goal of this study was to perform a contemporary epidemiological description of anaesthesia in France for the year 2010. METHODS: The data concerning private or public hospital stays were collected from the national PMSI database. All surgical/medical institutions performing anaesthesia in France and French Overseas Departments and Territories were queried concerning the number of anaesthesias, patient age, sex ratios, institution characteristics, hospitalization types, the duration of hospital stays, and the surgical procedures performed. RESULTS: In 2010, the number of anaesthesia procedures performed was 11,323,630 during 8,568,630 hospital stays. We found that 9,544,326 (84.3%) anaesthetic procedures were performed in adults (> 18 years of age; excluding childbirth), 845,568 (7.5%) were related to childbirth and 933,736 (8.2%) were acts in children (up to 18 years of age). The mean duration of hospital stay was 5.7±8.2 days. 56.5% of adults and 39.5% of children were managed as inpatient hospital stays. The male/female sex ratio and mean age were 42/58 and 54±19 years, respectively. In adults, anaesthesia was predominantly performed for abdominal surgery (24.5%), orthopaedics (16.7%), gynaecology (10.3%), ophthalmology (9.7%) and vascular surgeries (7.1%). For paediatric populations, the main surgical activities were Ear-Nose-Throat surgery (43.1%), orthopaedic surgery (15.1%) and urological surgeries (12.8%). DISCUSSION: The number of anaesthesias performed in France has dramatically increased (42.7%) since the last major epidemiological survey. Anaesthesia in the 21th century has been adapted to associated demographic changes: an older population with more comorbidities and fewer in-hospital procedures.