M. Muscaritoli, S. D. Anker, and J. Argiles, Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) "cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases" and "nutrition in geriatrics, Clin Nutr, vol.29, p.154, 2010.

A. J. Cruz-jentoft, J. P. Baeyens, and J. M. Bauer, European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, vol.39, p.412, 2010.

M. Visser, A. B. Newman, and M. C. Nevitt, Reexamining the sarcopenia hypothesis. Muscle mass versus muscle strength. Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study Research Group, Ann N Y Acad Sci, vol.904, p.456, 2000.

G. D'antona, M. A. Pellegrino, and C. N. Carlizzi, Deterioration of contractile properties of muscle fibres in elderly subjects is modulated by the level of physical activity, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.100, p.603, 2007.

H. Degens and S. E. Alway, Control of muscle size during disuse, disease, and aging, Int J Sports Med, vol.27, p.94, 2006.

P. Kortebein, A. Ferrando, and J. Lombeida, Effect of 10 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle in healthy older adults, JAMA, vol.297, p.1772, 2007.

J. S. Lee, T. W. Auyeung, and T. Kwok, Associated factors and health impact of sarcopenia in older Chinese men and women: a cross-sectional study, Gerontology, vol.53, p.404, 2007.

K. S. Nair, Aging muscle, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.81, p.953, 2005.

N. D. Reeves, M. V. Narici, and C. N. Maganaris, Myotendinous plasticity to ageing and resistance exercise in humans, Exp Physiol, vol.91, p.483, 2006.

M. M. Bamman, R. C. Ragan, and J. S. Kim, Myogenic protein expression before and after resistance loading in 26-and 64-yr-old men and women, J Appl Physiol, vol.97, p.1329, 2004.

J. S. Kim, D. J. Kosek, and J. K. Petrella, Resting and load-induced levels of myogenic gene transcripts differ between older adults with demonstrable sarcopenia and young men and women, J Appl Physiol, vol.99, p.2149, 2005.

U. Raue, D. Slivka, and B. Jemiolo, Myogenic gene expression at rest and after a bout of resistance exercise in young (18-30 yr) and old (80-89 yr) women, J Appl Physiol, vol.101, p.53, 2006.

E. Edstrom and B. Ulfhake, Sarcopenia is not due to lack of regenerative drive in senescent skeletal muscle, Aging Cell, vol.4, p.65, 2005.

W. R. Frontera, K. F. Reid, and E. M. Phillips, Muscle fiber size and function in elderly humans: a longitudinal study, J Appl Physiol, vol.105, p.637, 2008.

T. W. Buford, S. D. Anton, and A. R. Judge, Models of accelerated sarcopenia: Critical pieces for solving the puzzle of age-related muscle atrophy, Ageing Res Rev, vol.9, issue.4, pp.369-83, 2010.

X. Wang and C. G. Proud, The mTOR pathway in the control of protein synthesis, Physiology (Bethesda), vol.21, p.362, 2006.

D. A. Rivas, S. J. Lessard, and V. G. Coffey, mTOR function in skeletal muscle: a focal point for overnutrition and exercise, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, vol.34, p.807, 2009.

J. J. Hulmi, J. Tannerstedt, and H. Selanne, Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men, J Appl Physiol, vol.106, p.1720, 2009.

M. J. Drummond, H. C. Dreyer, and B. Pennings, Skeletal muscle protein anabolic response to resistance exercise and essential amino acids is delayed with aging, J Appl Physiol, vol.104, p.1452, 2008.

V. Kumar, A. Selby, and D. Rankin, Age-related differences in the dose-response relationship of muscle protein synthesis to resistance exercise in young and old men, J Physiol, vol.587, p.211, 2009.

K. E. Yarasheski, S. Bhasin, and I. Sinha-hikim, Serum myostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased in 60-92 year old women and men with muscle wasting, J Nutr Health Aging, vol.6, p.343, 2002.

D. J. Kosek, J. S. Kim, and J. K. Petrella, Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. older adults, J Appl Physiol, vol.101, p.531, 2006.

T. Snijders, L. B. Verdijk, and L. J. Van-loon, The impact of sarcopenia and exercise training on skeletal muscle satellite cells, Ageing Res Rev, vol.8, p.328, 2009.

R. Vettor, G. Milan, and C. Franzin, The origin of intermuscular adipose tissue and its pathophysiological implications, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, vol.297, pp.987-995, 2009.

R. Koopman and L. J. Van-loon, Aging, exercise, and muscle protein metabolism, J Appl Physiol, vol.106, p.2040, 2009.

K. Sakuma and A. Yamaguchi, Molecular mechanisms in aging and current strategies to counteract sarcopenia, Curr Aging Sci, vol.3, p.90, 2010.

S. E. Alway and P. M. Siu, Nuclear apoptosis contributes to sarcopenia, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, vol.36, p.51, 2008.

W. Song, H. B. Kwak, and J. M. Lawler, Exercise training attenuates age-induced changes in apoptotic signaling in rat skeletal muscle, Antioxid Redox Signal, vol.8, p.517, 2006.

S. E. Wohlgemuth, A. Y. Seo, and E. Marzetti, Skeletal muscle autophagy and apoptosis during aging: effects of calorie restriction and life-long exercise, Exp Gerontol, vol.45, p.138, 2010.

E. A. Wilkes, A. L. Selby, and P. J. Atherton, Blunting of insulin inhibition of proteolysis in legs of older subjects may contribute to age-related sarcopenia, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.90, p.1343, 2009.

I. R. Lanza, D. K. Short, and K. R. Short, Endurance exercise as a countermeasure for aging, Physical Activity and Sarcopenia, vol.57, p.2933, 2008.

J. P. Ahtiainen, J. J. Hulmi, and W. J. Kraemer, Strength, endurance or combined training elicit diverse skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain isoform proportion but unaltered androgen receptor concentration in older men, Int J Sports Med, vol.30, p.879, 2009.

W. J. Kraemer and N. A. Ratamess, Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training, Sports Med, vol.35, p.339, 2005.

N. A. Ratamess, W. J. Kraemer, and J. S. Volek, Androgen receptor content following heavy resistance exercise in men, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, vol.93, p.35, 2005.

B. A. Spiering, W. J. Kraemer, and J. L. Vingren, Elevated endogenous testosterone concentrations potentiate muscle androgen receptor responses to resistance exercise, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, vol.114, p.195, 2009.

F. Rahman and H. C. Christian, Non-classical actions of testosterone: an update, Trends Endocrinol Metab, vol.18, p.371, 2007.

M. V. Narici and N. Maffulli, Sarcopenia: characteristics, mechanisms and functional significance, Br Med Bull, vol.95, p.139, 2010.

Y. Rolland, S. Czerwinski, A. Van-kan, and G. , Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives, J Nutr Health Aging, vol.12, p.433, 2008.

S. Sipila, D. R. Taaffe, and S. Cheng, Effects of hormone replacement therapy and high-impact physical exercise on skeletal muscle in post-menopausal women: a randomized placebo-controlled study, Clin Sci (Lond), vol.101, p.147, 2001.

M. A. Singh, W. Ding, and T. J. Manfredi, Insulin-like growth factor I in skeletal muscle after weight-lifting exercise in frail elders, Am J Physiol, vol.277, p.135, 1999.

M. Hameed, K. H. Lange, and J. L. Andersen, The effect of recombinant human growth hormone and resistance training on IGF-I mRNA expression in the muscles of elderly men, J Physiol, vol.555, p.231, 2004.

B. D. Hand, M. C. Kostek, and R. E. Ferrell, Influence of promoter region variants of insulin-like growth factor pathway genes on the strength-training response of muscle phenotypes in older adults, J Appl Physiol, vol.103, p.1678, 2007.

L. G. Karagounis and J. A. Hawley, Skeletal muscle: increasing the size of the locomotor cell, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, vol.42, p.1376, 2010.

D. L. Waters, W. M. Brooks, and C. R. Qualls, Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and lean body mass in healthy exercising elderly, Mech Ageing Dev, vol.124, p.301, 2003.

S. Melov, M. A. Tarnopolsky, and K. Beckman, Resistance exercise reverses aging in human skeletal muscle, PLoS One, vol.2, p.465, 2007.

I. R. Lanza and K. S. Nair, Muscle mitochondrial changes with aging and exercise, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.89, p.467, 2009.

A. Safdar, M. J. Hamadeh, and J. J. Kaczor, Aberrant mitochondrial homeostasis in the skeletal muscle of sedentary older adults, PLoS One, vol.5, p.10778, 2010.

K. K. Mccully and J. D. Posner, The application of blood flow measurements to the study of aging muscle, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, vol.50, p.130, 1995.

M. A. Rogers and W. J. Evans, Changes in skeletal muscle with aging: effects of exercise training, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, vol.21, p.65, 1993.

M. Ochi, K. Kohara, and Y. Tabara, Arterial stiffness is associated with low thigh muscle mass in middle-aged to elderly men, Atherosclerosis, vol.212, p.327, 2010.

G. W. Payne, Effect of inflammation on the aging microcirculation: impact on skeletal muscle blood flow control, Microcirculation, vol.13, p.343, 2006.

L. S. Chow, L. J. Greenlund, and Y. W. Asmann, Impact of endurance training on murine spontaneous activity, muscle mitochondrial DNA abundance, gene transcripts, and function, J Appl Physiol, vol.102, p.1078, 2007.

G. D. Cartee, Aging skeletal muscle: response to exercise, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, vol.22, p.91, 1994.

G. A. Brooks and J. Mercier, Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilization during exercise: the "crossover" concept, J Appl Physiol, vol.76, p.2253, 1994.

L. Hue and H. Taegtmeyer, The Randle cycle revisited: a new head for an old hat, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, vol.297, p.578, 2009.

V. Crentsil, Mechanistic contribution of carnitine deficiency to geriatric frailty, Ageing Res Rev, vol.9, p.265, 2010.

D. M. Thomson, J. D. Brown, and N. Fillmore, AMP-activated protein kinase response to contractions and treatment with the AMPK activator AICAR in young adult and old skeletal muscle, J Physiol, vol.587, p.2077, 2009.

P. Schrauwen, A. P. Russell, and E. Moonen-kornips, Effect of 2 weeks of endurance training on uncoupling protein 3 content in untrained human subjects, Acta Physiol Scand, vol.183, p.273, 2005.

H. R. Gosker, P. Schrauwen, and R. Broekhuizen, Exercise training restores uncoupling protein-3 content in limb muscles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, vol.290, p.976, 2006.

L. Combaret, D. Dardevet, and D. Bechet, Skeletal muscle proteolysis in aging, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, vol.12, p.37, 2009.

S. Fulle, D. Donna, S. Puglielli, and C. , Age-dependent imbalance of the antioxidative system in human satellite cells, Exp Gerontol, vol.40, p.189, 2005.

Y. C. Jang, M. S. Lustgarten, and Y. Liu, Increased superoxide in vivo accelerates age-associated muscle atrophy through mitochondrial dysfunction and neuromuscular junction degeneration, FASEB J, vol.24, p.1376, 2010.

R. D. Semba, L. Ferrucci, and K. Sun, Oxidative stress and severe walking disability among older women, Am J Med, vol.120, p.1084, 2007.

M. Ristow and K. Zarse, How increased oxidative stress promotes longevity and metabolic health: the concept of mitochondrial hormesis (mitohormesis), Exp Gerontol, vol.45, p.410, 2010.

L. L. Ji, Exercise-induced modulation of antioxidant defense, Ann N Y Acad Sci, vol.959, p.82, 2002.

T. W. Buford, M. B. Cooke, and D. S. Willoughby, Resistance exercise-induced changes of inflammatory gene expression within human skeletal muscle, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.107, p.463, 2009.

I. Bautmans, R. Njemini, and S. Vasseur, Biochemical changes in response to intensive resistance exercise training in the elderly, Gerontology, vol.51, p.253, 2005.

T. Wenz, S. G. Rossi, and R. L. Rotundo, Increased muscle PGC-1alpha expression protects from sarcopenia and metabolic disease during aging, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.106, p.20405, 2009.

M. I. Frisard, R. P. Mcmillan, and J. Marchand, Toll-like receptor 4 modulates skeletal muscle substrate metabolism, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, vol.298, p.988, 2010.

A. M. Petersen and B. K. Pedersen, The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.98, p.1154, 2005.

H. Y. Chung, M. Cesari, and A. S. , Molecular inflammation: underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases, Ageing Res Rev, vol.8, p.18, 2009.

A. C. Shaw, S. Joshi, and H. Greenwood, Aging of the innate immune system, Curr Opin Immunol, vol.22, p.507, 2010.

J. J. Wilkes, D. J. Lloyd, and N. Gekakis, Loss-of-function mutation in myostatin reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha production and protects liver against obesityinduced insulin resistance, Physical Activity and Sarcopenia, vol.58, p.1133, 2009.

D. J. Clark, C. Patten, and K. F. Reid, Impaired voluntary neuromuscular activation limits muscle power in mobility-limited older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, vol.65, p.495, 2010.

P. Aagaard, C. Suetta, and P. Caserotti, Role of the nervous system in sarcopenia and muscle atrophy with aging: strength training as a countermeasure, Scand J Med Sci Sports, vol.20, p.49, 2010.

M. R. Deschenes, M. A. Roby, and M. K. Eason, Remodeling of the neuromuscular junction precedes sarcopenia related alterations in myofibers, Exp Gerontol, vol.45, p.389, 2010.

W. R. Frontera, V. A. Hughes, and L. S. Krivickas, Strength training in older women: early and late changes in whole muscle and single cells, Muscle Nerve, vol.28, p.601, 2003.

C. I. Morse, J. M. Thom, and N. D. Reeves, In vivo physiological cross-sectional area and specific force are reduced in the gastrocnemius of elderly men, J Appl Physiol, vol.99, p.1050, 2005.

H. Degens, R. M. Erskine, and C. I. Morse, Disproportionate changes in skeletal muscle strength and size with resistance training and ageing, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, vol.9, p.123, 2009.

A. A. Vandervoort, Aging of the human neuromuscular system, Muscle Nerve, vol.25, p.17, 2002.

M. Roig, D. L. Macintyre, and J. J. Eng, Preservation of eccentric strength in older adults: evidence, mechanisms and implications for training and rehabilitation, Exp Gerontol, vol.45, p.400, 2010.

I. S. Raj, S. R. Bird, and A. J. Shield, Aging and the force-velocity relationship of muscles, Exp Gerontol, vol.45, p.81, 2010.

N. D. Reeves, M. V. Narici, and C. N. Maganaris, In vivo human muscle structure and function: adaptations to resistance training in old age, Exp Physiol, vol.89, p.675, 2004.

C. Suetta, J. L. Andersen, and U. Dalgas, Resistance training induces qualitative changes in muscle morphology, muscle architecture, and muscle function in elderly postoperative patients, J Appl Physiol, vol.105, p.180, 2008.

S. P. Magnusson, M. V. Narici, and C. N. Maganaris, Human tendon behaviour and adaptation, in vivo, J Physiol, vol.586, p.71, 2008.

M. V. Narici, N. Maffulli, and C. N. Maganaris, Ageing of human muscles and tendons, Disabil Rehabil, vol.30, p.1548, 2008.

K. Kubo, Y. Ishida, and S. Suzuki, Effects of 6 months of walking training on lower limb muscle and tendon in elderly, Scand J Med Sci Sports, vol.18, p.31, 2008.

O. Delbono, Regulation of excitation contraction coupling by insulin-like growth factor-1 in aging skeletal muscle, J Nutr Health Aging, vol.4, p.162, 2000.

O. Galbes, A. Bourret, and K. Nouette-gaulain, N-acetylcysteine protects against bupivacaine-induced myotoxicity caused by oxidative and sarcoplasmic reticulum stress in human skeletal myotubes, Anesthesiology, vol.113, p.560, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00532617

S. Arbogast, M. Beuvin, and B. Fraysse, Oxidative stress in SEPN1-related myopathy: from pathophysiology to treatment, Ann Neurol, vol.65, p.677, 2009.

D. Terentyev, I. Gyorke, and A. E. Belevych, Redox modification of ryanodine receptors contributes to sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 21 leak in chronic heart failure, Circ Res, vol.103, p.1466, 2008.

J. E. Morley, J. M. Argiles, and W. J. Evans, Nutritional recommendations for the management of sarcopenia, J Am Med Dir Assoc, vol.11, p.391, 2010.

M. D. Peterson, A. Sen, and P. M. Gordon, Influence of resistance exercise on lean body mass in aging adults: a meta-analysis, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.43, issue.2, pp.249-58, 2011.

M. D. Peterson, M. R. Rhea, and A. Sen, Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis, Ageing Res Rev, vol.9, p.226, 2010.

H. Park, S. Park, and R. J. Shephard, Yearlong physical activity and sarcopenia in older adults: the Nakanojo Study, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.109, p.953, 2010.

H. P. Patel, H. E. Syddall, and H. J. Martin, Hertfordshire sarcopenia study: design and methods, BMC Geriatr, vol.10, p.43, 2010.

R. E. Sallis, Exercise is medicine and physicians need to prescribe it!, Br J Sports Med, vol.43, p.3, 2009.

R. A. Winett, D. M. Williams, and B. M. Davy, Initiating and maintaining resistance training in older adults: a social cognitive theory-based approach, Br J Sports Med, vol.43, p.114, 2009.

E. Sillanpaa, A. Hakkinen, and K. Nyman, Body composition and fitness during strength and/or endurance training in older men, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.40, p.950, 2008.

J. A. Hawley, Molecular responses to strength and endurance training: are they incompatible?, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, vol.34, p.355, 2009.

G. A. Nader, Concurrent strength and endurance training: from molecules to man, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.38, 1965.

M. Toigo and U. Boutellier, New fundamental resistance exercise determinants of molecular and cellular muscle adaptations, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.97, p.643, 2006.

S. J. Meng and L. J. Yu, Oxidative stress, molecular inflammation and sarcopenia, Int J Mol Sci, vol.11, p.1509, 2010.

B. F. Hurley and S. M. Roth, Strength training in the elderly: effects on risk factors for age-related diseases, Sports Med, vol.30, p.249, 2000.

S. E. Borst, Interventions for sarcopenia and muscle weakness in older people, Age Ageing, vol.33, p.548, 2004.

M. E. Nelson, W. J. Rejeski, and S. N. Blair, Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.39, p.1435, 2007.

D. R. Taaffe, C. Duret, and S. Wheeler, Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.47, p.1208, 1999.

R. A. Winett and R. N. Carpinelli, Potential health-related benefits of resistance training, Prev Med, vol.33, p.503, 2001.

M. J. Chin, J. G. Van-uffelen, and I. Riphagen, The functional effects of physical exercise training in frail older people: a systematic review, Sports Med, vol.38, p.781, 2008.

B. Buehring, D. Krueger, and N. Binkley, Jumping mechanography: a potential tool for sarcopenia evaluation in older individuals, J Clin Densitom, vol.13, p.283, 2010.

M. Y. Chien, H. K. Kuo, and Y. T. Wu, Sarcopenia, cardiopulmonary fitness, and physical disability in community-dwelling elderly people, Phys Ther, vol.90, p.1277, 2010.

M. P. Harber, A. R. Konopka, and M. D. Douglass, Aerobic exercise training improves whole muscle and single myofiber size and function in older women, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, vol.297, p.1452, 2009.

G. R. Hunter, J. P. Mccarthy, and M. M. Bamman, Effects of resistance training on older adults, Sports Med, vol.34, p.329, 2004.

P. M. Lepretre, T. Vogel, and P. H. Brechat, Impact of a short-term aerobic interval training on maximal exercise in sedentary aged subjects, Int J Clin Pract, vol.63, p.1472, 2009.

J. P. Loenneke, G. J. Wilson, and J. M. Wilson, A mechanistic approach to blood flow occlusion, Physical Activity and Sarcopenia, vol.31, issue.1, 2010.

C. S. Fry, E. L. Glynn, and M. J. Drummond, Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men, J Appl Physiol, vol.108, p.1199, 2010.

T. Pietrangelo, R. Mancinelli, and L. Toniolo, Effects of local vibrations on skeletal muscle trophism in elderly people: mechanical, cellular, and molecular events, Int J Mol Med, vol.24, p.503, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02362569

F. Santin-medeiros, G. Vallejo, and N. , Musculoskeletal effects of vibration training in the elderly, Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol, vol.45, issue.5, pp.281-285, 2010.