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, mesial (e) and lingual (f) views; (g-j) LACM 162446, fragment of a left lower molar (mesiolingual part) in occlusal (g-h), cross-sectional (i) and lingual (j) views. Chinchilloid gen. et sp. indet.: (k-n) LACM 162448, fragment of an upper tooth (mesial laminae) or of a left lower tooth (distal laminae) in mesial (k), buccal or lingual (l), occlusal (m) and cross-sectional views. The cross-section (yellow segments) for each tooth (b, i, and n) shows the heterogeneous thickness of the enamel layer, Figure 2. Dental remains of chinchilloid rodents from the late early Oligocene of Puerto Rico. Borikenomys praecursor gen. et sp. nov. (a-j): (a-f) LACM 162447, right lower m3 in occlusal (a), cross-sectional (b), ventral (c), buccal (d)

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. Tr,

, Phylogenetic position of Borikenomys praecursor gen. et sp. nov. in a high-level hystricognathous rodent phylogeny. This colour-coded and simplified phylogenetic tree derives from the strict consensus topology of a cladistic assessment of the dental evidence available. Heuristic searches yielded 12 equally most parsimonious trees of 3336, Submitted to Proceedings of the Royal Society B: For Review Only Figure 4

, Note the phylogenetic positions of the Caribbean Borikenomys, Elasmodontomys and Amblyrhiza, nested within the Chinchilloidea clade. Light grey bars within Chinchillidae correspond to the credibility interval (95%) of the molecular divergence age estimates, as provided in Upham and Patterson [75]. Selected characters and character states, as well as the taxon/character matrix [50] plus the assumptions (Nexus format) are provided online as electronic supplementary material. The full strict consensus tree topology is provided in electronic supplementary material, figure S3. The time interval suggested for the chinchilloid dispersal to the Caribbean (~35-33 Ma) is compatible with the GAARlandia hypothesis (light grey strip [11]). Pictures of lower toothrows: Elasmodontomys obliquus (AMNH-17137, right p4-m2, J. Meeker) and of Amblyrhiza inundata