G. Bell, The Masterpiece of Nature: The Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality, 1982.

M. Hartfield and P. D. Keightley, Current hypotheses for the evolution of sex and recombination, Integrative zoology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.192-209, 2012.

M. Smith and J. , The evolution of sex, 1978.

J. Lehtonen, M. D. Jennions, and H. Kokko, The many costs of sex, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.27, issue.3, pp.172-180, 2012.

R. A. Fisher, The genetical theory of natural selection, 1930.

H. J. Muller, Some genetic aspects of sex, The American Naturalist, vol.66, issue.703, pp.118-156, 1932.

G. C. Williams, Sex and evolution, 1975.

H. J. Muller, The relation of recombination to mutational advance. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, vol.1, pp.90047-90055, 1964.

W. D. Hamilton, R. Axelrod, and R. Tanese, Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.87, issue.9, p.3566, 1990.

J. Jaenike, A hypothesis to account for the maintenance of sex in populations, Evolutionary Theory, vol.3, pp.191-194, 1978.

M. F. Greaves, A. T. Maia, J. L. Wiemels, and A. M. Ford, Leukemia in twins: lessons in natural history, Blood, vol.102, issue.7, p.2321, 2003.

T. Domazet-lo?o, A. Klimovich, B. Anokhin, F. Anton-erxleben, M. J. Hamm et al., Naturally occurring tumours in the basal metazoan Hydra, Nature Communications, vol.5, p.4222, 2014.

B. Hölldobler and E. O. Wilson, The superorganism: the beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies, 2008.

S. Dobata, T. Sasaki, H. Mori, E. Hasegawa, M. Shimada et al., Persistence of the single lineage of transmissible 'social cancer' in an asexual ant, Molecular Ecology, vol.20, issue.3, p.21155912, 2010.

F. Goudie and B. P. Oldroyd, Thelytoky in the honey bee, Apidologie, vol.45, issue.3, pp.306-332, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234740

K. R. Foster and F. L. Ratnieks, Convergent evolution of worker policing by egg eating in the honeybee and common wasp, Proceedings Biological sciences, vol.268, pp.169-74, 1463.

F. Ratnieks and P. K. Visscher, Worker policing in the honeybee, Nature, vol.342, issue.6251, pp.796-803, 1989.

T. Domazet-loso and D. Tautz, Phylostratigraphic tracking of cancer genes suggests a link to the emergence of multicellularity in metazoa, BMC biology, vol.8, p.66, 2010.

D. Speijer, J. Luke?, and M. Eliá?, Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.112, pp.8827-8861, 2015.

E. R. Hanschen, M. D. Herron, J. J. Wiens, H. Nozaki, and R. E. Michod, Multicellularity Drives the Evolution of Sexual Traits, The American Naturalist, vol.192, issue.3, pp.93-105, 2018.

W. Arber, Horizontal Gene Transfer among Bacteria and Its Role in Biological Evolution, Life, vol.4, issue.2, pp.217-241, 2014.

O. Sarah and P. , The evolutionary enigma of sex, The American Naturalist, vol.174, issue.S1, pp.1-14, 2009.

J. H. Doonan and R. Sablowski, Walls around tumours-why plants do not develop cancer, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.10, p.794, 2010.

J. Doonan and T. Hunt, Why don't plants get cancer?, Nature, vol.380, issue.6574, pp.481-483, 1996.

C. , B. S. Barrett, and S. , The evolution of plant sexual diversity, Nat Rev Gen, vol.3, p.p

C. G. Eckert, The loss of sex in clonal plants, Evolutionary Ecology, vol.15, issue.4, pp.501-521, 2001.

A. Richards, Breeding systems in flowering plants and the control of variability, Folia Geobotanica, vol.31, issue.3, pp.283-293, 1996.

M. Neiman, S. Meirmans, and P. G. Meirmans, What can asexual lineage age tell us about the maintenance of sex?, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.1168, issue.1, p.19566708, 2009.

A. Krisko, M. Leroy, M. Radman, and M. Meselson, Extreme anti-oxidant protection against ionizing radiation in bdelloid rotifers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.109, issue.7, pp.2354-2361, 2012.

W. Luo, R. A. Verweij, and C. Van-gestel, Toxicity of Pb contaminated soils to the oribatid mite Platynothrus peltifer, Ecotoxicology, vol.24, issue.5, p.25757529, 2015.

P. Skuba?a and T. Zaleski, Heavy metal sensitivity and bioconcentration in oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida): Gradient study in meadow ecosystems, Science of The Total Environment, vol.414, pp.364-72, 2012.

L. Vandenbroecke, J. Vanfleteren, and K. Martens, Schö n I. Hurdles in investigating UVB damage in the putative ancient asexual Darwinula stevensoni (Ostracoda, Crustacea), p.p, 2013.

B. Ujvari, R. A. Gatenby, and F. Thomas, Transmissible cancers, are they more common than thought? Evolutionary applications, vol.9, pp.633-637, 2016.

J. Cibelli, J. Gurdon, I. Wilmut, R. Jaenisch, R. Lanza et al., Principles of Cloning ( Second Edition), 2014.

B. Roche, J. M. Drake, and P. Rohani, An agent-based model to study the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of Influenza viruses, BMC bioinformatics, vol.12, p.87, 2011.

M. Salathé, R. D. Kouyos, and S. Bonhoeffer, The state of affairs in the kingdom of the Red Queen, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.23, issue.8, pp.439-484, 2008.

F. Thomas, F. Vavre, T. Tissot, M. Vittecoq, M. Giraudeau et al., Cancer is not (only) a senescence problem, Trends in Cancer, vol.4, issue.3, pp.169-72, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01933408