D. Zaccaria, . Research, I. Milan, and S. Villani, Project Managers Trish Jacomb, Karen Maxwell, participants and the NHMRC. SLAS I and II: and gratefully thank the help and support of the following voluntary welfare organizations: Geylang East Home for the Aged, Wiebke Queisser, and Sam Wong. WHI-CAP: the contributions of Richard Mayeux, Principal Investigator of the WHICAP study, coinvestigators Adam Brickman and Jose Luchsinger, and study team members Danurys Sanchez, Ming X. Tang and Howard Andrews. ZARADEMP: the further study members

R. C. Petersen, B. Caracciolo, C. Brayne, S. Gauthier, V. Jelic et al., Mild cognitive impairment: a concept in evolution, J Intern Med, vol.275, issue.3, pp.214-242, 2014.

C. P. Hughes, L. Berg, W. L. Danziger, L. A. Coben, and R. L. Martin, A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia, Br J Psychiatry, vol.140, pp.566-72, 1982.

B. Reisberg, S. H. Ferris, M. J. De-leon, and T. Crook, The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia, Am J Psychiatry, vol.139, issue.9, pp.1136-1145, 1982.

S. T. Farias, D. Mungas, B. R. Reed, D. Harvey, and C. Decarli, Progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia in clinic-vs community-based cohorts, Arch Neurol, vol.66, issue.9, pp.1151-1158, 2009.

C. Flicker, S. H. Ferris, and B. Reisberg, Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: predictors of dementia, Neurology, vol.41, issue.7, pp.1006-1015, 1991.

M. Ganguli, B. E. Snitz, J. A. Saxton, C. C. Chang, C. W. Lee et al., Outcomes of mild cognitive impairment by definition: a population study, Arch Neurol, vol.68, issue.6, pp.761-768, 2011.

R. C. Petersen, R. O. Roberts, D. S. Knopman, B. F. Boeve, Y. E. Geda et al., Mild cognitive impairment: ten years later, Arch Neurol, vol.66, issue.12, pp.1447-55, 2009.

E. Aretouli, O. C. Okonkwo, J. Samek, and J. Brandt, The fate of the 0.5s: predictors of 2-year outcome in mild cognitive impairment, J Int Neuropsychol Soc, vol.17, issue.2, pp.277-88, 2011.

P. S. Sachdev, D. M. Lipnicki, J. Crawford, S. Reppermund, N. A. Kochan et al., Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: a population-based study, PLoS One, vol.8, issue.3, p.59649, 2013.

R. C. Petersen, Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity, J Intern Med, vol.256, issue.3, pp.183-94, 2004.

M. S. Albert, S. T. Dekosky, D. Dickson, B. Dubois, H. H. Feldman et al., The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimers Dement, vol.7, issue.3, pp.270-279, 2011.

B. Winblad, K. Palmer, M. Kivipelto, V. Jelic, L. Fratiglioni et al., Mild cognitive impairmentbeyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment, J Intern Med, vol.256, issue.3, pp.240-246, 2004.

S. Reppermund, H. Brodaty, J. D. Crawford, N. A. Kochan, B. Draper et al., Impairment in instrumental activities of daily living with high cognitive demand is an early marker of mild cognitive impairment: the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study, Psychol Med, vol.43, issue.11, pp.2437-2482, 2013.

A. Ward, H. M. Arrighi, S. Michels, and J. M. Cedarbaum, Mild cognitive impairment: disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates, Alzheimers Dement, vol.8, issue.1, pp.14-21, 2012.

A. L. Sosa, E. Albanese, B. C. Stephan, M. Dewey, D. Acosta et al., Prevalence, distribution, and impact of mild cognitive impairment in Latin America, China, and India: a 10/66 population-based study, PLoS Med, vol.9, issue.2, p.1001170, 2012.

M. J. Katz, R. B. Lipton, C. B. Hall, M. E. Zimmerman, A. E. Sanders et al., Age-specific and sexspecific prevalence and incidence of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer dementia in blacks and whites: a report from the Einstein Aging Study, Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, vol.26, issue.4, pp.335-378, 2012.

S. E. O'bryant, J. L. Reisch, J. Edwards, M. Hall, J. Barber et al., Risk factors for mild cognitive impairment among Mexican Americans, Alzheimers Dement, vol.9, issue.6, p.1, 2013.

R. C. Petersen, R. O. Roberts, D. S. Knopman, Y. E. Geda, R. H. Cha et al., Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment is higher in men. The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, Neurology, vol.75, issue.10, pp.889-97, 2010.

M. Ganguli, H. H. Dodge, C. Shen, and S. T. Dekosky, Mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type: an epidemiologic study, Neurology, vol.63, issue.1, pp.115-136, 2004.

N. A. Kochan, M. J. Slavin, H. Brodaty, J. D. Crawford, J. N. Trollor et al., Effect of different impairment criteria on prevalence of "objective" mild cognitive impairment in a community sample, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, vol.18, issue.8, pp.711-733, 2010.

M. W. Bondi and G. E. Smith, Mild cognitive impairment: a concept and diagnostic entity in need of input from neuropsychology, J Int Neuropsychol Soc, vol.20, issue.2, pp.129-163, 2014.

P. S. Sachdev, D. M. Lipnicki, N. A. Kochan, J. D. Crawford, K. Rockwood et al., COSMIC (Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium): an international consortium to identify risk and protective factors and biomarkers of cognitive ageing and dementia in diverse ethnic and sociocultural groups, BMC Neurol, vol.13, p.165, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00904579

C. Brayne, C. Mccracken, and F. E. Matthews, Cohort profile: the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS), Int J Epidemiol, vol.35, issue.5, pp.1140-1145, 2006.

K. Ritchie, I. Carriere, C. W. Ritchie, C. Berr, S. Artero et al., Designing prevention programmes to reduce incidence of dementia: prospective cohort study of modifiable risk factors, BMJ, vol.341, p.3885, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00520527

C. H. Wong, G. T. Leung, A. W. Fung, W. C. Chan, and L. C. Lam, Cognitive predictors for five-year conversion to dementia in community-dwelling Chinese older adults, Int Psychogeriatr, vol.25, issue.7, pp.1125-1159, 2013.

A. Guaita, M. Colombo, R. Vaccaro, S. Fossi, S. F. Vitali et al., Brain aging and dementia during the transition from late adulthood to old age: design and methodology of the "Invece.Ab" populationbased study, BMC Geriatr, vol.13, p.98, 2013.

M. Ganguli, H. H. Dodge, P. Chen, S. Belle, and S. T. Dekosky, Ten-year incidence of dementia in a rural elderly US community population: the MoVIES Project, Neurology, vol.54, issue.5, pp.1109-1125, 2000.

K. J. Anstey, H. Christensen, P. Butterworth, S. Easteal, A. Mackinnon et al., Cohort profile: the PATH through life project, Int J Epidemiol, vol.41, issue.4, pp.951-60, 2012.

L. Feng, M. S. Chong, W. S. Lim, T. S. Lee, S. L. Collinson et al., Metabolic syndrome and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: singapore longitudinal ageing study-2 findings, J Alzheimers Dis, vol.34, issue.3, pp.649-57, 2013.

L. Feng, X. Gwee, E. H. Kua, and T. P. Ng, Cognitive function and tea consumption in community dwelling older Chinese in Singapore, J Nutr Health Aging, vol.14, issue.6, pp.433-441, 2010.

P. S. Sachdev, H. Brodaty, S. Reppermund, N. A. Kochan, J. N. Trollor et al., The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (MAS): methodology and baseline medical and neuropsychiatric characteristics of an elderly epidemiological non-demented cohort of Australians aged 70-90 years, Int Psychogeriatr, vol.22, issue.8, pp.1248-64, 2010.

M. X. Tang, P. Cross, H. Andrews, D. M. Jacobs, S. Small et al., Incidence of AD in African-Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and Caucasians in northern Manhattan, Neurology, vol.56, issue.1, pp.49-56, 2001.

A. Lobo, P. Saz, M. G. Día, J. De-la-cámara, C. Ventura et al., The ZARADEMP Project on the incidence, prevalence and risk factors of dementia (and depression) in the elderly community: II. Methods and first results, Eur J Psychiatry, vol.19, pp.40-54, 2005.

J. C. Morris, Clinical dementia rating: a reliable and valid diagnostic and staging measure for dementia of the Alzheimer type, Int Psychogeriatr, vol.9, issue.1, pp.173-179, 1997.

M. P. Lawton and E. M. Brody, Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living, Gerontologist, vol.9, issue.3, pp.179-86, 1969.

L. J. Thal, M. Grundman, and R. Golden, Alzheimer's disease: a correlational analysis of the Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration Test and the Mini-Mental State Exam, Neurology, vol.36, issue.2, pp.262-266, 1986.

M. D. Lezak, D. B. Howieson, and D. W. Loring, Neuropsychological Assessment. 4 ed, 2004.

E. Strauss, E. Sherman, and O. Spreen, A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary, 2006.

S. Weintraub, D. Salmon, N. Mercaldo, S. Ferris, N. R. Graff-radford et al., The Alzheimer's Disease Centers' Uniform Data Set (UDS): the neuropsychologic test battery, Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, vol.23, issue.2, pp.91-101, 2009.

K. M. Hayden, O. A. Makeeva, L. K. Newby, B. L. Plassman, V. V. Markova et al., A comparison of neuropsychological performance between US and Russia: Preparing for a global clinical trial. Alzheimers Dement, vol.10, pp.760-768, 2014.

J. Gussekloo, R. G. Westendorp, E. J. Remarque, A. M. Lagaay, T. J. Heeren et al., Impact of mild cognitive impairment on survival in very elderly people: cohort study, BMJ, vol.315, issue.7115, pp.1053-1057, 1997.

B. Vellas, S. Andrieu, C. Sampaio, and G. Wilcock, Disease-modifying trials in Alzheimer's disease: a European task force consensus, Lancet Neurol, vol.6, issue.1, pp.56-62, 2007.

R. Neale, C. Brayne, and A. L. Johnson, Cognition and survival: an exploration in a large multicentre study of the population aged 65 years and over, Int J Epidemiol, vol.30, issue.6, pp.1383-1391, 2001.

W. Wang, L. Shinto, W. E. Connor, and J. F. Quinn, Nutritional biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: the association between carotenoids, n-3 fatty acids, and dementia severity, J Alzheimers Dis, vol.13, issue.1, pp.31-39, 2008.

S. L. Miller, E. Fenstermacher, J. Bates, D. Blacker, R. A. Sperling et al., Hippocampal activation in adults with mild cognitive impairment predicts subsequent cognitive decline, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.79, issue.6, pp.630-635, 2008.

A. A. Moustafa, D. H. Hewedi, A. M. Eissa, C. E. Myers, and H. A. Sadek, The relationship between associative learning, transfer generalization, and homocysteine levels in mild cognitive impairment, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.9, p.46496, 2012.

R. G. Newcombe, Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of seven methods, Stat Med, vol.17, issue.8, pp.857-72, 1998.

B. C. Stephan, F. E. Matthews, I. G. Mckeith, J. Bond, and C. Brayne, Early cognitive change in the general population: how do different definitions work?, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.55, issue.10, pp.1534-1574, 2007.

A. Guaita, S. Abbondanza, M. Colombo, A. Davin, G. Forloni et al., Cognitive impairment, dementia and "good perfomers": prevalence in the population study

, J Nutr Health Aging, vol.16, pp.827-835, 2012.

K. J. Anstey, N. Cherbuin, R. Eramudugolla, K. Sargent-cox, S. Easteal et al., Characterizing mild cognitive disorders in the young-old over 8 years: prevalence, estimated incidence, stability of diagnosis, and impact on IADLs, Alzheimers Dement, vol.9, issue.6, pp.640-648, 2013.

H. Brodaty, M. Heffernan, N. A. Kochan, B. Draper, J. N. Trollor et al., Mild cognitive impairment in a community sample: the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study, Alzheimers Dement, vol.9, issue.3, pp.310-317, 2013.

J. J. Manly, S. Bell-mcginty, M. X. Tang, N. Schupf, Y. Stern et al., Implementing diagnostic criteria and estimating frequency of mild cognitive impairment in an urban community, Arch Neurol, vol.62, issue.11, pp.1739-1785, 2005.

R. Lopez-anton, J. Santabarbara, C. De-la-camara, P. Gracia-garcia, E. Lobo et al., Mild cognitive impairment diagnosed with the new DSM-5 criteria: prevalence and associations with non-cognitive psychopathology, Acta Psychiatr Scand, vol.131, issue.1, pp.29-39, 2015.

R. C. Petersen, G. E. Smith, S. C. Waring, R. J. Ivnik, E. G. Tangalos et al., Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome, Archives of Neurology, vol.56, issue.3, pp.303-311, 1999.

S. G. Riedel-heller, A. Schork, H. Matschinger, and M. C. Angermeyer, Recruitment procedures and their impact on the prevalence of dementia. Results from the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+), Neuroepidemiology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.130-170, 2000.

T. M. Anderson, P. S. Sachdev, H. Brodaty, J. N. Trollor, and G. Andrews, Effects of sociodemographic and health variables on Mini-Mental State Exam scores in older Australians, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, vol.15, issue.6, pp.467-76, 2007.

J. I. Escobar, A. Burnam, M. Karno, A. Forsythe, J. Landsverk et al., Use of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a community population of mixed ethnicity. Cultural and linguistic artifacts, J Nerv Ment Dis, vol.174, issue.10, pp.607-621, 1986.

M. Prince, R. Bryce, E. Albanese, A. Wimo, W. Ribeiro et al., The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis, Alzheimers Dement, vol.9, issue.1, p.2, 2013.

C. Graham, R. Howard, Y. Ha, and . Dementia, Int Psychogeriatr, vol.10, issue.2, pp.183-91, 1998.

D. E. Barnes and K. Yaffe, The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence, Lancet Neurol, vol.10, issue.9, pp.819-847, 2011.

B. L. Plassman, J. W. Williams, J. R. Burke, T. Holsinger, and S. Benjamin, Systematic review: factors associated with risk for and possible prevention of cognitive decline in later life, Ann Intern Med, vol.153, issue.3, pp.182-93, 2010.

T. Luck, M. Luppa, S. Briel, H. Matschinger, H. H. Konig et al., Mild cognitive impairment: incidence and risk factors: results of the leipzig longitudinal study of the aged, J Am Geriatr Soc, vol.58, issue.10, pp.1903-1913, 2010.

T. Luck, S. G. Riedel-heller, M. Luppa, B. Wiese, A. Wollny et al., Risk factors for incident mild cognitive impairment-results from the German Study on Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe), Acta Psychiatr Scand, vol.121, issue.4, pp.260-72, 2010.

P. Fischer, S. Jungwirth, S. Zehetmayer, S. Weissgram, S. Hoenigschnabl et al., Conversion from subtypes of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer dementia, Neurology, vol.68, issue.4, pp.288-91, 2007.

R. O. Roberts, D. S. Knopman, M. M. Mielke, R. H. Cha, V. S. Pankratz et al., Higher risk of progression to dementia in mild cognitive impairment cases who revert to normal, Neurology, vol.82, issue.4, pp.317-342, 2014.

E. Teng, K. D. Tingus, P. H. Lu, and J. L. Cummings, Persistence of neuropsychological testing deficits in mild cognitive impairment, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, vol.28, issue.2, pp.168-78, 2009.

S. Nikula, M. Jylha, C. Bardage, D. J. Deeg, J. Gindin et al., Are IADLs comparable across countries? Sociodemographic associates of harmonized IADL measures, Aging Clin Exp Res, vol.15, issue.6, pp.451-460, 2003.