B. S. Diniz, M. A. Butters, S. M. Albert, M. A. Dew, and C. F. Reynolds, Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies, Br. J. Psychiatry, vol.202, pp.329-335, 2013.

C. G. Lyketsos and J. Olin, Depression in Alzheimer's disease: overview and treatment, Biol. Psychiatry, vol.52, pp.243-252, 2002.

S. E. Starkstein, R. Jorge, R. Mizrahi, and R. G. Robinson, The construct of minor and major depression in Alzheimer's disease, Am. J. Psychiatry, vol.162, pp.2086-2093, 2005.

A. L. Byers and K. Yaffe, Depression and risk of developing dementia, Nat. Rev. Neurol, vol.7, pp.323-331, 2011.

G. Li, Temporal relationship between depression and dementia: findings from a large community-based 15-year follow-up study, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, vol.68, pp.970-977, 2011.

A. Singh-manoux, Trajectories of depressive symptoms before diagnosis of dementia: a 28-year follow-up study, JAMA Psychiatry, vol.74, pp.712-718, 2017.

S. S. Mirza, Depressive symptoms predict incident dementia during shortbut not long-term follow-up period, Alzheimers Dement, vol.10, issue.5, pp.323-332, 2014.

D. E. Barnes, Midlife vs late-life depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: differential effects for Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, vol.69, pp.493-498, 2012.

O. P. Almeida, G. J. Hankey, B. B. Yeap, J. Golledge, and L. Flicker, Depression as a modifiable factor to decrease the risk of dementia, Transl. Psychiatry, vol.7, p.1117, 2017.

R. Fuhrer, C. Dufouil, J. F. Dartigues, and P. Study, Exploring sex differences in the relationship between depressive symptoms and dementia incidence: prospective results from the PAQUID Study, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, vol.51, pp.1055-1063, 2003.

K. Ritchie, The clinical picture of Alzheimer's disease in the decade before diagnosis: clinical and biomarker trajectories, J. Clin. Psychiatry, vol.77, pp.305-311, 2016.

A. R. Kaup, Trajectories of depressive symptoms in older adults and risk of dementia, JAMA Psychiatry, vol.73, pp.525-531, 2016.

H. Amieva, Prodromal Alzheimer's disease: successive emergence of the clinical symptoms, Ann. Neurol, vol.64, pp.492-498, 2008.

A. Ezzati, M. J. Katz, C. A. Derby, M. E. Zimmerman, and R. B. Lipton, Depressive symptoms predict incident dementia in a community sample of older adults: results from the einstein aging study, J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol, vol.10, p.891988718824036, 2019.

R. S. Wilson, Temporal course of depressive symptoms during the development of Alzheimer disease, Neurology, vol.75, pp.21-26, 2010.

N. Mossaheb, Are specific symptoms of depression predictive of Alzheimer's dementia?, J. Clin. Psychiatry, vol.73, pp.1009-1015, 2012.

K. Engedal, M. L. Barca, J. Laks, and G. Selbaek, Depression in Alzheimer's disease: specificity of depressive symptoms using three different clinical criteria, Int J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, vol.26, pp.944-951, 2011.

A. Lugtenburg, M. Zuidersma, R. C. Oude-voshaar, and R. A. Schoevers, Symptom dimensions of depression and 3-year incidence of dementia: results from the amsterdam study of the elderly, J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol, vol.29, pp.99-107, 2016.

R. M. Carney and K. E. Freedland, Are somatic symptoms of depression better predictors of cardiac events than cognitive symptoms in coronary heart disease?, Psychosom. Med, vol.74, pp.33-38, 2012.

R. De-miranda-azevedo, A. M. Roest, P. W. Hoen, and P. De-jonge, Cognitive/ affective and somatic/affective symptoms of depression in patients with heart disease and their association with cardiovascular prognosis: a meta-analysis, Psychol. Med, vol.44, pp.2689-2703, 2014.

B. T. Baune, T. Suslow, V. Arolt, and K. Berger, The relationship between psychological dimensions of depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning in the elderly -the MEMO-Study, J. Psychiatr. Res, vol.41, pp.247-254, 2007.

A. Brailean, Late-life depression symptom dimensions and cognitive functioning in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), J. Affect Disord, vol.201, pp.171-178, 2016.

J. T. Olin, Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression of Alzheimer disease, Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, vol.10, pp.125-128, 2002.

L. A. Johnson, J. R. Hall, and S. E. Bryant, A depressive endophenotype of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, PLoS ONE, vol.8, p.68848, 2013.

G. Dal-forno, Depressive symptoms, sex, and risk for Alzheimer's disease, Ann. Neurol, vol.57, pp.381-387, 2005.

R. N. Carleton, The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: a review with a theoretical and empirical examination of item content and factor structure, PLoS ONE, vol.8, p.58067, 2013.

M. Kockler and R. Heun, Gender differences of depressive symptoms in depressed and nondepressed elderly persons, Int J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, vol.17, pp.65-72, 2002.

S. E. Romans, J. Tyas, M. M. Cohen, and T. Silverstone, Gender differences in the symptoms of major depressive disorder, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis, vol.195, pp.905-911, 2007.

A. Wenzel, R. A. Steer, and A. T. Beck, Are there any gender differences in frequency of self-reported somatic symptoms of depression?, J. Affect Disord, vol.89, pp.177-181, 2005.

F. M. Yang and R. N. Jones, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) item response bias found with Mantel-Haenszel method was successfully replicated using latent variable modeling, J. Clin. Epidemiol, vol.60, pp.1195-1200, 2007.

F. M. Yang, D. Tommet, and R. N. Jones, Disparities in self-reported geriatric depressive symptoms due to sociodemographic differences: an extension of the bi-factor item response theory model for use in differential item functioning, J. Psychiatr. Res, vol.43, pp.1025-1035, 2009.

. The-3c-study and . Group, Vascular factors and risk of dementia: design of the Three-City Study and baseline characteristics of the study population, Neuroepidemiology, vol.22, pp.316-325, 2003.

, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1994.

L. Radloff, The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population, Appl. Psycholog. Measurement, vol.1, pp.385-401, 1977.

L. S. Radloff, The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults, J. Youth Adolesc, vol.20, pp.149-166, 1991.

A. B. Shafer, C. Beck, H. , and Z. , Meta-analysis of the factor structures of four depression questionnaires, J Clin Psychol, vol.62, pp.123-146, 2006.

M. L. Ancelin, Gender and genotype modulation of the association between lipid levels and depressive symptomatology in community-dwelling elderly (the ESPRIT study), Biol. Psychiatry, vol.68, pp.125-132, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00515890

Y. Lecrubier, The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), a short diagnostic interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI, Eur. Psychiatry, vol.12, pp.232-241, 1997.

I. Carriere, Patterns of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and risk of falls and fractures in community-dwelling elderly people: the Three-City cohort, Osteoporos. Int, vol.27, pp.3187-3195, 2016.

M. F. Folstein, S. E. Folstein, and P. R. Mchugh, Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, J. Psychiatr. Res, vol.12, pp.189-198, 1975.

P. Barberger-gateau, C. Rainville, L. Letenneur, and J. F. Dartigues, A hierarchical model of domains of disablement in the elderly: a longitudinal approach, Disabil. Rehabil, vol.22, pp.308-317, 2000.

I. Rosow and N. Breslau, A Guttman health scale for the aged, J. Gerontol, vol.21, pp.556-559, 1966.

M. P. Lawton and E. M. Brody, Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living, Gerontologist, vol.9, pp.179-186, 1969.

S. Katz, T. D. Downs, H. R. Cash, and R. C. Grotz, Progress in development of the index of ADL, Gerontologist, vol.10, pp.20-30, 1970.

D. Commenges, L. Letenneur, P. Joly, A. Alioum, and J. F. Dartigues, Modelling age-specific risk: application to dementia, Stat. Med, vol.17, pp.1973-1988, 1998.

R. S. Wilson, Depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons, Neurology, vol.59, pp.364-370, 2002.

A. T. Beekman, Criterion validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D): results from a community-based sample of older subjects in The Netherlands, Psychol. Med, vol.27, pp.231-235, 1997.

G. S. Alexopoulos, Vascular disease, depression, and dementia, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc, vol.51, pp.1178-1180, 2003.

G. M. Macqueen, Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol.100, pp.1387-1392, 2003.

R. Fuhrer and F. Rouillon, La version française de l'échelle CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies -Depression Scale). Description et traduction de l'échelle d'autoévaluation, Psychiatr. Psychobiol, vol.4, pp.163-166, 1989.

T. J. Vanderweele and P. Ding, Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value, Ann. Intern Med, vol.167, pp.268-274, 2017.