, In recent decades, shrimp aquaculture has been the main driver of mangrove loss (? 40% of the total loss). Indonesia, the world's great mangrove country (21% of the world mangrove surface), is also one of the country with the highest mangrove loss rate worldwide, due to shrimp aquaculture, Here in Mahakam Delta (Kalimantan), 80% of the original mangrove have been destroyed since the 1980s, pp.2210-2212

R. Walcker, E. J. Anthony, R. C. Aller, A. Gardel, C. Proisy et al., In French Guiana (c), pristine mangrove is naturally adapted to a very strong coastal dynamics, and could have a better capacity to adapt to climate change than in other region. In the uninhabited Europa Island (French Scattered Islands) (d), important decaying processes appear within mangrove communities and may be interpreted as a sign of global or regional climate change, Mangrove establishment and development is narrowly linked to sea level, wave and tidal energy, coastal marine currents and sedimentological dynamics, vol.23, pp.726-743, 2014.