S. E. Inzucchi, R. M. Bergenstal, and J. B. Buse, Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Diabetes Care, vol.38, pp.140-149, 2015.

M. A. Nauck, M. M. Heimesaat, and K. Behle, Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 on counterregulatory hormone responses, cognitive functions, and insulin secretion during hyperinsulinemic, stepped hypoglycemic clamp experiments in healthy volunteers, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.87, pp.1239-1285, 2002.

D. J. Drucker, S. I. Sherman, F. S. Gorelick, R. M. Bergenstal, R. S. Sherwin et al., Incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: evaluation of the risks and benefits, Diabetes Care, vol.33, pp.428-461, 2010.

M. A. Nauck, T. Vilsbøll, B. Gallwitz, A. Garber, and S. Madsbad, Incretinbased therapies: viewpoints on the way to consensus, Diabetes Care, vol.32, issue.2, 2009.

S. L. Zheng, A. J. Roddick, and R. Aghar-jaffar, Association between use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA, vol.319, pp.1580-91, 2018.

J. E. Everhart and C. E. Ruhl, Burden of digestive diseases in the United States Part III: Liver, biliary tract, and pancreas, Gastroenterology, vol.136, pp.1134-1178, 2009.

M. Marzioni, G. Alpini, and S. Saccomanno, Glucagon-like peptide-1 and its receptor agonist exendin-4 modulate cholangiocyte adaptive response to cholestasis, Gastroenterology, vol.133, pp.244-55, 2007.

B. D. Chen, W. C. Zhao, J. D. Dong, and H. Sima, Expression of GLP-1R protein and its clinical role in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissues, Mol Biol Rep, vol.41, pp.4313-4333, 2014.

M. Marzioni, G. Alpini, and S. Saccomanno, Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, protects cholangiocytes from apoptosis, Gut, vol.58, pp.990-997, 2009.

S. P. Marso, G. H. Daniels, and K. Brown-frandsen, LEADER Steering Committee, LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med, vol.375, pp.311-333, 2016.

L. A. Leiter, H. Teoh, and O. Mosenzon, SAVOR-TIMI 53 Steering Committee and Investigators. Frequency of cancer events with saxagliptin in the SAVOR-TIMI 53 trial, Diabetes Obes Metab, vol.18, pp.186-90, 2016.

M. A. Nauck, T. J. Jensen, C. Rosenkilde, S. Calanna, and J. B. Buse, LEADER Publication Committee on behalf of the LEADER Trial Investigators. Neoplasms Reported With Liraglutide or Placebo in People With Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the LEADER Randomized Trial, Diabetes Care, vol.41, pp.1663-71, 2018.

E. Herrett, S. L. Thomas, W. M. Schoonen, L. Smeeth, and A. J. Hall, Validation and validity of diagnoses in the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review, Br J Clin Pharmacol, vol.69, pp.4-14, 2010.

S. S. Jick, J. A. Kaye, and C. Vasilakis-scaramozza, Validity of the general practice research database, Pharmacotherapy, vol.23, pp.686-695, 2003.

R. Lawrenson, T. Williams, and R. Farmer, Clinical information for research; the use of general practice databases, J Public Health Med, vol.21, pp.299-304, 1999.

A. V. Margulis, J. Fortuny, and J. A. Kaye, Validation of Cancer Cases Using Primary Care, Cancer Registry, and Hospitalization Data in the United Kingdom, Epidemiology, vol.29, pp.308-321, 2018.

R. Boggon, T. P. Van-staa, M. Chapman, A. M. Gallagher, T. A. Hammad et al., Cancer recording and mortality in the General Practice Research Database and linked cancer registries, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, vol.22, pp.168-75, 2013.

, See rights and reprints

R. Williams, T. Van-staa, A. M. Gallagher, T. Hammad, H. Leufkens et al., Cancer recording in patients with and without type 2 diabetes in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink primary care data and linked hospital admission data: a cohort study, BMJ Open, vol.8, p.20827, 2018.

A. Dregan, H. Moller, T. Murray-thomas, and M. C. Gulliford, Validity of cancer diagnosis in a primary care database compared with linked cancer registrations in England. Population-based cohort study, Cancer Epidemiol, vol.36, pp.425-434, 2012.

D. B. Rubin, Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, 1987.

J. L. Schafer, Analysis of incomplete multivariate data, 1997.

L. K. Golightly, C. C. Drayna, and M. T. Mcdermott, Comparative clinical pharmacokinetics of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, Clin Pharmacokinet, vol.51, pp.501-515, 2012.

, EMDAC Background document Victoza (liraglutide) -LEADER FDA Briefing Document, 2017.

J. P. Fine and R. J. Gray, A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk, J Am Stat Assoc, vol.94, pp.496-509, 1999.

S. Schneeweiss, Sensitivity analysis and external adjustment for unmeasured confounders in epidemiologic database studies of therapeutics, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, vol.15, pp.291-303, 2006.

M. Lipsitch, E. Tchetgen-tchetgen, and T. Cohen, Negative controls: a tool for detecting confounding and bias in observational studies, Epidemiology, vol.21, pp.383-391, 2010.

, VigiBase: signalling harm and pointing to safer use Uppsala Monitoring Centre, 2017.

W. B. White, C. P. Cannon, and S. R. Heller, Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes, EXAMINE Investigators, vol.369, pp.1327-1362, 2013.

J. B. Green, M. A. Bethel, and P. W. Armstrong, Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes, N Engl J Med, vol.373, pp.232-274, 2015.

M. A. Pfeffer, B. Claggett, and R. Diaz, Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome, N Engl J Med, vol.373, pp.2247-57, 2015.

S. P. Marso, S. C. Bain, and A. Consoli, SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes, N Engl J Med, vol.375, pp.1834-1878, 2016.

R. R. Holman, M. A. Bethel, and R. J. Mentz, EXSCEL Study Group. Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes, N Engl J Med, vol.377, pp.1228-1267, 2017.

B. M. Scirica, D. L. Bhatt, and E. Braunwald, SAVOR-TIMI 53 Steering Committee and Investigators. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med, vol.369, pp.1317-1343, 2013.

M. J. Davies, R. Bergenstal, and B. Bode, NN8022-1922 Study Group. Efficacy of liraglutide for weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes: the SCALE diabetes randomized clinical trial, JAMA, vol.314, pp.687-99, 2015.

X. Pi-sunyer, A. Astrup, and K. Fujioka, SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes NN8022-1839 Study Group. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management, N Engl J Med, vol.373, pp.11-22, 2015.

A. Astrup, R. Carraro, and N. Finer, Investigators. Safety, tolerability and sustained weight loss over 2 years with the once-daily human GLP-1 analog, liraglutide, Int J Obes (Lond), vol.36, pp.843-54, 2012.

N. Razumilava, G. J. Gores, and . Cholangiocarcinoma, Lancet, vol.383, pp.2168-79, 2014.

J. Faillie, O. H. Yu, H. Yin, D. Hillaire-buys, A. Barkun et al., Association of bile duct and gallbladder diseases with the use of incretin-based drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, JAMA Intern Med, vol.176, pp.1474-81, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01836887

W. A. Ray, Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: new-user designs, Am J Epidemiol, vol.158, pp.915-935, 2003.

S. Suissa, Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology, Am J Epidemiol, vol.167, pp.492-501, 2008.

E. P. Van-puijenbroek, A. Bate, H. G. Leufkens, M. Lindquist, R. Orre et al., A comparison of measures of disproportionality for signal detection in spontaneous reporting systems for adverse drug reactions, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, vol.11, pp.3-10, 2002.

M. Sharma, I. Nazareth, and I. Petersen, Trends in incidence, prevalence and prescribing in type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2000 and 2013 in primary care: a retrospective cohort study, BMJ Open, vol.6, p.10210, 2016.

J. W. Wu, L. Azoulay, and A. Huang, Identification of incident pancreatic cancer in Ontario administrative health data: A validation study, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2018.

G. L. Tyson and H. B. El-serag, Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma, Hepatology, vol.54, pp.173-84, 2011.