H. Adle-biassette, F. Chrétien, L. Wingertsmann, C. Héry, T. Ereau et al., Neuronal apoptosis does not correlate with dementia in HIV infection but is related to microglial activation and axonal damage, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol, vol.25, pp.123-133, 1999.

M. Y. Aksenov, M. V. Aksenova, C. F. Mactutus, and R. M. Booze, HIV-1 protein-mediated amyloidogenesis in rat hippocampal cell cultures, Neurosci. Lett, vol.475, pp.174-178, 2010.

T. Alfahad and A. Nath, Retroviruses and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Antiviral Res, vol.99, pp.180-187, 2013.

I. E. András and M. Toborek, Amyloid beta accumulation in HIV-1-infected brain: the role of the blood brain barrier, IUBMB Life, vol.65, pp.43-49, 2013.

B. Anesten, A. Yilmaz, L. Hagberg, H. Zetterberg, S. Nilsson et al., Blood-brain barrier integrity, intrathecal immunoactivation and neuronal injury in HIV, Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm, vol.3, p.300, 2016.

I. C. Anthony, S. N. Ramage, F. W. Carnie, P. Simmonds, and J. E. Bell, Accelerated Tau deposition in the brains of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 before and after the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, Acta Neuropathol, vol.111, pp.529-538, 2006.

A. Antinori, G. Arendt, J. T. Becker, B. J. Brew, D. A. Byrd et al., Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, Neurology, vol.69, pp.1789-1799, 2007.

V. S. Atluri, M. Hidalgo, T. Samikkannu, K. R. Kurapati, R. D. Jayant et al., Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on bloodbrain barrier integrity and function: an update, Front. Cell. Neurosci, vol.9, p.212, 2015.

V. Avdoshina, A. Bachis, and I. Mocchetti, Synaptic dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-positive subjects: inflammation or impaired neuronal plasticity?, J. Intern. Med, vol.273, pp.454-465, 2013.

E. P. Azevedo, J. H. Ledo, G. Barbosa, M. Sobrinho, L. Diniz et al., Activated microglia mediate synapse loss and short-term memory deficits in a mouse model of transthyretin-related oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis, Cell Death Dis, vol.4, 2013.

A. Bachis, F. Biggio, E. O. Major, and I. Mocchetti, M-and T-tropic HIVs promote apoptosis in rat neurons, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol, vol.4, pp.150-160, 2009.

R. J. Bateman, C. Xiong, T. L. Benzinger, A. M. Fagan, A. Goate et al., Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.367, pp.795-804, 2012.

J. T. Becker, L. Kingsley, J. Mullen, B. Cohen, E. Martin et al., Vascular risk factors, HIV serostatus and cognitive dysfunction in gay and bisexual men, Neurology, vol.73, pp.1292-1299, 2009.

A. Belmadani, J. Y. Zou, M. J. Schipma, E. J. Neafsey, and M. A. Collins, Ethanol pre-exposure suppresses HIV-1 glycoprotein 120-induced neuronal degeneration by abrogating endogenous glutamate/Ca 2+ -mediated neurotoxicity, Neuroscience, vol.104, pp.769-781, 2001.

K. Blennow, H. Hampel, M. Weiner, and H. Zetterberg, Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease, Nat. Rev. Neurol, vol.6, pp.131-144, 2010.

B. J. Brew, L. Pemberton, K. Blennow, A. Wallin, and L. Hagberg, CSF amyloid ?42 and tau levels correlate with AIDS dementia complex, Neurology, vol.65, pp.1490-1492, 2005.

S. M. Brooke and R. M. Sapolsky, Effects of glucocorticoids in the gp120-induced inhibition of glutamate uptake in hippocampal cultures, Brain Res, vol.972, pp.137-141, 2003.

A. Brureau, C. Zussy, B. Delair, C. Ogier, G. Ixart et al., Deregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functions in an Alzheimer's disease rat model, Neurobiol. Aging, vol.34, pp.1426-1439, 2013.

X. Bu, Y. Xiang, W. Jin, J. Wang, L. Shen et al., Blood-derived amyloid-? protein induces Alzheimer's disease pathologies, Mol. Psychiatry, 2017.

P. Candela, F. Gosselet, J. Saint-pol, E. Sevin, M. Boucau et al., Apical-to-basolateral transport of amyloid-? peptides through blood-brain barrier cells is mediated by the receptor for advanced glycation end-products and is restricted by P-glycoprotein, J. Alzheimers Dis, vol.22, pp.849-859, 2010.

R. Cecchelli, S. Aday, E. Sevin, C. Almeida, M. Culot et al., A stable and reproducible human blood-brain barrier model derived from hematopoietic stem cells, PLoS One, vol.9, p.99733, 2014.

Q. Chai, V. Jovasevic, V. Malikov, Y. Sabo, S. Morham et al., , 2017.

, HIV-1 counteracts an innate restriction by amyloid precursor protein resulting in neurodegeneration, Nat. Commun, vol.8, p.1522

S. Chakradhar, A tale of two diseases: aging HIV patients inspire a closer look at Alzheimer's disease, Nat. Med, vol.24, pp.376-377, 2018.

R. S. Chan, E. D. Huey, H. L. Maecker, K. M. Cortopassi, S. A. Howard et al., Endocrine modulators of necrotic neuron death, Brain Pathol, vol.6, pp.481-491, 1996.

E. Charmandari, A. Raji, T. Kino, T. Ichijo, A. Tiulpakov et al., A novel point mutation in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) causing generalized glucocorticoid resistance: the importance of the C terminus of hGR LBD in conferring transactivational activity, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, vol.90, pp.3696-3705, 2005.

D. Y. Chen, D. Bambah-mukku, G. Pollonini, A. , and C. M. , Glucocorticoid receptors recruit the CaMKII?-BDNF-CREB pathways to mediate memory consolidation, Nat. Neurosci, vol.15, pp.1707-1714, 2012.

L. Chen, J. J. Choi, Y. J. Choi, B. Hennig, and M. Toborek, HIV-1 Tat-induced cerebrovascular toxicity is enhanced in mice with amyloid deposits, Neurobiol. Aging, vol.33, pp.1579-1590, 2012.

Y. Chen, W. Huang, W. Jiang, X. Wu, B. Ye et al., HIV-1 Tat regulates occludin and A? transfer receptor expression in brain endothelial cells via Rho/ROCK signaling pathway, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev, p.4196572, 2016.

X. Chen, L. Hui, N. H. Geiger, N. J. Haughey, and J. D. Geiger, Endolysosome involvement in HIV-1 transactivator protein-induced neuronal amyloid beta production, Neurobiol. Aging, vol.34, pp.2370-2378, 2013.

R. Cheung, V. Ravyn, L. Wang, A. Ptasznik, and R. G. Collman, Signaling mechanism of HIV-1 gp120 and virion-induced IL-1? release in primary human macrophages, J. Immunol, vol.180, pp.6675-6684, 2008.

Y. Cho, M. Lee, and B. Song, Neuronal cell death and degeneration through increased nitroxidative stress and tau phosphorylation in HIV-1 transgenic rats, PLoS One, vol.12, 2017.

N. Christeff, N. Gherbi, O. Mammes, M. T. Dalle, S. Gharakhanian et al., Serum cortisol and DHEA concentrations during HIV infection, Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol.22, issue.97, pp.15-17, 1997.

G. P. Chrousos, S. D. Detera-wadleigh, K. , and M. , Syndromes of glucocorticoid resistance, Ann. Intern. Med, vol.119, pp.1113-1124, 1993.

G. P. Chrousos and E. D. Zapanti, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in HIV infection and disease, Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am, vol.43, pp.791-806, 2014.

M. J. Churchill, D. J. Cowley, S. L. Wesselingh, P. R. Gorry, and L. R. Gray, HIV-1 transcriptional regulation in the central nervous system and implications for HIV cure research, J. Neurovirol, vol.21, pp.290-300, 2015.

J. P. Cleary, D. M. Walsh, J. J. Hofmeister, G. M. Shankar, M. A. Kuskowski et al., Natural oligomers of the amyloid-? protein specifically disrupt cognitive function, Nat. Neurosci, vol.8, pp.79-84, 2005.

D. B. Clifford and B. M. Ances, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, Lancet Infect. Dis, vol.13, pp.976-986, 2013.

D. B. Clifford, A. M. Fagan, D. M. Holtzman, J. C. Morris, M. Teshome et al., CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer disease in HIV-associated neurologic disease, Neurology, vol.73, pp.1982-1987, 2009.

J. Collazos, J. Mayo, E. Martínez, and S. Ibarra, Serum cortisol in HIV-infected patients with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, vol.17, pp.123-126, 2003.

M. A. Cosenza, M. Zhao, Q. Si, and S. C. Lee, Human brain parenchymal microglia express CD14 and CD45 and are productively infected by HIV-1 in HIV-1 encephalitis, Brain Pathol, vol.12, pp.442-455, 2002.

A. Costa, R. E. Nappi, F. Polatti, A. Poma, A. B. Grossman et al., Stimulating effect of HIV-1 coat protein gp120 on corticotropinreleasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in the rat hypothalamus: involvement of nitric oxide, Exp. Neurol, vol.166, pp.376-384, 2000.

A. E. Coutinho and K. E. Chapman, The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol, vol.335, pp.2-13, 2011.

J. G. Csernansky, H. Dong, A. M. Fagan, L. Wang, C. Xiong et al., Plasma cortisol and progression of dementia in subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia, Am. J. Psychiatry, vol.163, pp.2164-2169, 2006.

J. L. Cummings, Alzheimer's disease, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.351, pp.56-67, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01579097

L. A. Cysique, P. Maruff, and B. J. Brew, Variable benefit in neuropsychological function in HIV-infected HAART-treated patients, Neurology, vol.66, pp.1447-1450, 2006.

A. Daily, A. Nath, H. , and L. B. , Tat peptides inhibit neprilysin, J. Neurovirol, vol.12, pp.153-160, 2006.

G. De-chiara, M. E. Marcocci, R. Sgarbanti, L. Civitelli, C. Ripoli et al., Infectious agents and neurodegeneration, Mol. Neurobiol, vol.46, pp.614-638, 2012.

E. R. De-kloet, M. Joëls, and F. Holsboer, Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease, Nat. Rev. Neurosci, vol.6, pp.463-475, 2005.

E. B. Dreyer and S. A. Lipton, The coat protein gp120 of HIV-1 inhibits astrocyte uptake of excitatory amino acids via macrophage arachidonic acid, Eur. J. Neurosci, vol.7, pp.2502-2507, 1995.

A. Edén, R. W. Price, S. Spudich, D. Fuchs, L. Hagberg et al., Immune activation of the central nervous system is still present after >4 years of effective highly active antiretroviral therapy, J. Infect. Dis, vol.196, pp.1779-1783, 2007.

R. Ellis, D. Langford, and E. Masliah, HIV and antiretroviral therapy in the brain: neuronal injury and repair, Nat. Rev. Neurosci, vol.8, pp.33-44, 2007.

M. M. Esiri, S. C. Biddolph, and C. S. Morris, Prevalence of Alzheimer plaques in AIDS, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.65, pp.29-33, 1998.

E. A. Eugenin, J. E. Clements, M. C. Zink, and J. W. Berman, Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human astrocytes disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity by a gap junction-dependent mechanism, J. Neurosci, vol.31, pp.9456-9465, 2011.

C. Ferrarese, A. Aliprandi, L. Tremolizzo, L. Stanzani, A. De-micheli et al., Increased glutamate in CSF and plasma of patients with HIV dementia, Neurology, vol.57, pp.671-675, 2001.

B. Flammang, R. Pardossi-piquard, J. Sevalle, D. Debayle, A. Dabert-gay et al., Evidence that the amyloid-? protein precursor intracellular domain, AICD, derives from ?-secretase-generated C-terminal fragment, J. Alzheimers Dis, vol.30, pp.145-153, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00724562

L. Fratiglioni, A. Ahlbom, M. Viitanen, and B. Winblad, Risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease: a population-based, case-control study, Ann. Neurol, vol.33, pp.258-266, 1993.

G. A. Garden, S. L. Budd, E. Tsai, L. Hanson, M. Kaul et al., Caspase cascades in human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurodegeneration, J. Neurosci, vol.22, pp.4015-4024, 2002.

L. Givalois, J. Dornand, M. Mekaouche, M. D. Solier, A. F. Bristow et al., Temporal cascade of plasma level surges in ACTH, corticosterone and cytokines in endotoxin-challenged rats, Am. J. Physiol, vol.267, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01923650

F. González-scarano and J. Martín-garcía, The neuropathogenesis of AIDS, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.5, pp.69-81, 2005.

Y. Goodman, A. J. Bruce, B. Cheng, M. P. Mattson, F. Gosselet et al., Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone exacerbates excitotoxicity, oxidative injury and amyloid ?-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons, Curr. Alzheimer Res, vol.66, pp.1015-1033, 1996.

K. N. Green, L. M. Billings, B. Roozendaal, J. L. Mcgaugh, and F. M. Laferla, Glucocorticoids increase amyloid-? and tau pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, J. Neurosci, vol.26, pp.9047-9056, 2006.

D. A. Green, E. Masliah, H. V. Vinters, P. Beizai, D. J. Moore et al., Brain deposition of beta-amyloid is a common pathologic feature in HIV positive patients, AIDS, vol.19, pp.407-411, 2005.

S. Habbas, M. Santello, D. Becker, H. Stubbe, G. Zappia et al., Neuroinflammatory TNF? impairs memory via astrocyte signaling, Cell, vol.163, pp.1730-1741, 2015.

A. Hategan, M. A. Bianchet, J. Steiner, E. Karnaukhova, E. Masliah et al., HIV Tat protein and amyloid-? peptide form multifibrillar structures that cause neurotoxicity, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol, vol.24, pp.379-386, 2017.

N. J. Haughey, A. Nath, M. P. Mattson, J. T. Slevin, and J. D. Geiger, HIV-1 Tat through phosphorylation of NMDA receptors potentiates glutamate excitotoxicity, J. Neurochem, vol.78, pp.457-467, 2001.

K. M. Hayden, M. C. Norton, D. Darcey, T. Ostbye, P. P. Zandi et al., Occupational exposure to pesticides increases the risk of incident AD: the Cache County study, Neurology, vol.74, pp.1524-1530, 2010.

R. K. Heaton, D. R. Franklin, R. J. Ellis, J. A. Mccutchan, S. L. Letendre et al., HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors, J. Neurovirol, vol.17, pp.3-16, 2011.

J. Hellmuth, V. Valcour, and S. Spudich, CNS reservoirs for HIV: implications for eradication, J. Virus Erad, vol.1, pp.67-71, 2015.

S. Hong, V. F. Beja-glasser, B. M. Nfonoyim, A. Frouin, S. Li et al., Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models, Science, vol.352, pp.712-716, 2016.

H. Hong, B. S. Kim, and H. Im, Pathophysiological role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders, Int. Neurourol. J, vol.20, 2016.

W. J. Hoogendijk, G. Meynen, E. Endert, M. A. Hofman, and D. F. Swaab, Increased cerebrospinal fluid cortisol level in Alzheimer's disease is not related to depression, Neurobiol. Aging, vol.27, 2006.

L. Hudson, J. Liu, A. Nath, M. Jones, R. Raghavan et al., Detection of the human immunodeficiency virus regulatory protein tat in CNS tissues, J. Neurovirol, vol.6, pp.145-155, 2000.

R. F. Itzhaki, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer's disease: increasing evidence for a major role of the virus, Front. Aging Neurosci, vol.6, p.202, 2014.

R. F. Itzhaki, W. Lin, D. Shang, G. K. Wilcock, B. Faragher et al., Herpes simplex virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer's disease, Lancet, vol.349, pp.241-244, 1997.

R. Janssen, Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection and the neurologic complications of the infection, Semin. Neurol, vol.12, pp.10-17, 1992.

W. Jiang, W. Huang, Y. Chen, M. Zou, D. Peng et al., , 2017.

, HIV-1 transactivator protein induces ZO-1 and neprilysin dysfunction in brain endothelial cells via the ras signaling pathway, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev, p.3160360, 2017.

N. A. Johnson, G. Jahng, M. W. Weiner, B. L. Miller, H. C. Chui et al., Pattern of cerebral hypoperfusion in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment measured with arterial spin-labeling MR imaging: initial experience, Radiology, vol.234, pp.851-859, 2005.

Y. Kang, M. Digicaylioglu, R. Russo, M. Kaul, C. L. Achim et al., Erythropoietin plus insulin-like growth factor-I protects against neuronal damage in a murine model of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders, Ann. Neurol, vol.68, pp.342-352, 2010.

G. D. Kanmogne, K. Schall, J. Leibhart, B. Knipe, H. E. Gendelman et al., HIV-1 gp120 compromises blood-brain barrier integrity and enhance monocyte migration across blood-brain barrier: implication for viral neuropathogenesis, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab, vol.27, pp.123-134, 2007.

M. Kaul and S. A. Lipton, Chemokines and activated macrophages in HIV gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, vol.96, pp.8212-8216, 1999.

S. Ketzler, S. Weis, H. Haug, and H. Budka, Loss of neurons in the frontal cortex in AIDS brains, Acta Neuropathol, vol.80, pp.92-94, 1990.

J. Kim, J. Yoon, and Y. Kim, HIV-1 Tat interacts with and regulates the localization and processing of amyloid precursor protein, PLoS One, vol.8, p.77972, 2013.

J. E. King, E. A. Eugenin, C. M. Buckner, and J. W. Berman, HIV tat and neurotoxicity. Microbes Infect, vol.8, pp.1347-1357, 2006.

T. Kino, AIDS/HPA axis, 2000.

I. I. Kruman, A. Nath, and M. P. Mattson, HIV-1 protein Tat induces apoptosis of hippocampal neurons by a mechanism involving caspase activation, calcium overload and oxidative stress, Exp. Neurol, vol.154, pp.276-288, 1998.

D. K. Lahiri, Functional characterization of amyloid ? precursor protein regulatory elements: rationale for the identification of genetic polymorphism, Ann. N Y Acad. Sci, vol.1030, pp.282-288, 2004.

T. Langerak, L. W. Van-den-dries, V. L. Wester, S. M. Staufenbiel, L. Manenschijn et al., The relation between long-term cortisol levels and the metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients, Clin. Endocrinol, vol.83, pp.167-172, 2015.

A. Lannuzel, J. V. Barnier, C. Hery, V. T. Huynh, B. Guibert et al., Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its coat protein gp120 induce apoptosis and activate JNK and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neurons, Ann. Neurol, vol.42, pp.847-856, 1997.

D. N. Levy, Y. Refaeli, R. O. Macgregort, and D. B. Weiner, Serum Vpr regulates productive infection and latency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, vol.91, pp.10873-10877, 1994.

G. D. Lopardo, E. Bissio, C. Iannella-mdel, A. D. Crespo, D. B. Garone et al., Good neurocognitive performance measured by the international HIV dementia scale in early HIV-1 infection, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr, vol.52, pp.488-492, 2009.

J. Louboutin, B. A. Reyes, L. Agrawal, C. R. Maxwell, E. J. Van-bockstaele et al., Blood-brain barrier abnormalities caused by exposure to HIV-1 gp120-protection by gene delivery of antioxidant enzymes, Neurobiol. Dis, vol.38, pp.313-325, 2010.

S. J. Lupien, M. De-leon, S. De-santi, A. Convit, C. Tarshish et al., Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits, Nat. Neurosci, vol.1, pp.69-73, 1998.

N. S. Lurain, B. A. Hanson, J. Martinson, S. E. Leurgans, A. L. Landay et al., Virological and immunological characteristics of human cytomegalovirus infection associated with Alzheimer disease, J. Infect. Dis, vol.208, pp.564-572, 2013.

A. M. Magariños and B. S. Mcewen, Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: involvement of glucocorticoid secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors, Neuroscience, vol.69, pp.89-98, 1995.

S. Mäkitalo, Å. Mellgren, E. Borgh, L. Kilander, T. Skillbäck et al., The cerebrospinal fluid biomarker profile in an HIV-infected subject with Alzheimer's disease, AIDS Res. Ther, vol.12, p.23, 2015.

E. Marcello, R. Epis, C. Saraceno, D. Luca, and M. , Synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol, vol.970, pp.573-601, 2012.

V. T. Marchesi, Alzheimer's dementia begins as a disease of small blood vessels, damaged by oxidative-induced inflammation and dysregulated amyloid metabolism: implications for early detection and therapy, FASEB J, vol.25, pp.5-13, 2011.

M. Maschke, O. Kastrup, S. Esser, B. Ross, U. Hengge et al., Incidence and prevalence of neurological disorders associated with HIV since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, vol.69, pp.376-380, 2000.

E. Masliah, C. L. Achim, N. Ge, R. Deteresa, R. D. Terry et al., Spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neocortical damage, Ann. Neurol, vol.32, pp.321-329, 1992.

M. P. Mattson, Infectious agents and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, Ageing Res. Rev, vol.3, 2004.

J. C. Mcarthur, N. Haughey, S. Gartner, K. Conant, C. Pardo et al., Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia: an evolving disease, J. Neurovirol, vol.9, pp.205-221, 2003.

J. C. Mcarthur, D. R. Hoover, H. Bacellar, E. N. Miller, B. A. Cohen et al., Dementia in AIDS patients: incidence and risk factors. Multicenter AIDS Cohort study, Neurology, vol.43, pp.2245-2252, 1993.

J. C. Mcarthur, J. Steiner, N. Sacktor, and A. Nath, Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders: mind the gap, Ann. Neurol, vol.67, pp.699-714, 2010.

B. S. Mcewen, Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators, Eur. J. Pharmacol, vol.583, pp.174-185, 2008.

B. Milanini and V. Valcour, Differentiating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders from Alzheimer's disease: an emerging issue in geriatric NeuroHIV, Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep, vol.14, pp.123-132, 2017.

M. Mishra, M. Taneja, S. Malik, H. Khalique, S. et al., Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat modulates proliferation and differentiation of human neural precursor cells: implication in NeuroAIDS, J. Neurovirol, vol.16, pp.355-367, 2010.

A. Montagne, Z. Zhao, and B. V. Zlokovic, Alzheimer's disease: a matter of blood-brain barrier dysfunction?, J. Exp. Med, vol.214, pp.3151-3169, 2017.

A. Nath, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins in neuropathogenesis of HIV dementia, J. Infect. Dis, vol.7609, pp.193-198, 2002.

B. Nazer, S. Hong, and D. J. Selkoe, LRP promotes endocytosis and degradation, but not transcytosis, of the amyloid-? peptide in a blood-brain barrier in vitro model, Neurobiol. Dis, vol.30, pp.94-102, 2008.

M. Ortega and B. M. Ances, Role of HIV in amyloid metabolism, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol, vol.9, pp.483-491, 2014.

C. Patrick, L. Crews, P. Desplats, W. Dumaop, E. Rockenstein et al., Increased CDK5 expression in HIV encephalitis contributes to neurodegeneration via tau phosphorylation and is reversed with Roscovitine, Am. J. Pathol, vol.178, pp.1646-1661, 2011.

P. J. Peters, J. Bhattacharya, S. Hibbitts, M. T. Dittmar, G. Simmons et al., Biological analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 R5 envelopes amplified from brain and lymph node tissues of AIDS patients with neuropathology reveals two distinct tropism phenotypes and identifies envelopes in the brain that confer an enhanced tropism and fusigenicity for macrophages, J. Virol, vol.78, pp.6915-6926, 2004.

S. Peudenier, C. Héry, K. H. Ng, and M. Tardieu, HIV receptors within the brain: a study of CD4 and MHC-II on human neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells, Res. Virol, vol.142, pp.145-149, 1991.

F. Pineau, G. Canet, C. Desrumaux, H. Hunt, N. Chevallier et al., New selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators reverse amyloid-? peptide-induced hippocampus toxicity, Neurobiol. Aging, vol.45, pp.109-122, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01923503

M. C. Potter, M. Figuera-losada, C. Rojas, and B. S. Slusher, Targeting the glutamatergic system for the treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol, vol.8, pp.594-607, 2013.

M. Prince, A. Wimo, M. Guerchet, A. Gemma-claire, Y. Wu et al., World Alzheimer report 2015: the global impact of dementia-an analysis of prevalence, incidence, 2015.

L. Rajendran and R. C. Paolicelli, Microglia-Mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease, J. Neurosci, vol.38, pp.2911-2919, 2018.

J. M. Reul and E. R. De-kloet, Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation, Endocrinology, vol.117, pp.2505-2511, 1985.

K. Roe, B. Orillo, and S. Verma, West nile virus-induced cell adhesion molecules on human brain microvascular endothelial cells regulate leukocyte adhesion and modulate permeability of the in vitro blood-brain barrier model, PLoS One, vol.9, 2014.

B. Roozendaal, Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory consolidation, Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol.25, p.58, 2000.

G. A. Rosenberg, Blood-brain barrier permeability in aging and Alzheimers disease, J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis, vol.1, pp.138-139, 2014.

I. Rothenaigner, S. Kramer, M. Ziegler, H. Wolff, A. Kleinschmidt et al., Long-term HIV-1 infection of neural progenitor populations, AIDS, vol.21, pp.2271-2281, 2007.

S. Salinas, G. Schiavo, and E. J. Kremer, A hitchhiker's guide to the nervous system: the complex journey of viruses and toxins, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, vol.8, pp.645-655, 2010.

A. Sami-saribas, S. Cicalese, T. M. Ahooyi, K. Khalili, S. Amini et al., HIV-1 Nef is released in extracellular vesicles derived from astrocytes: evidence for Nef-mediated neurotoxicity, Cell Death Dis, vol.8, p.2542, 2017.

M. A. Samuel, H. Wang, V. Siddharthan, J. D. Morrey, and M. S. Diamond, Axonal transport mediates West Nile virus entry into the central nervous system and induces acute flaccid paralysis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, vol.104, pp.17140-17145, 2007.

D. J. Selkoe, Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins and therapy, Physiol. Rev, vol.81, pp.741-766, 2001.

D. E. Sellmeyer and C. Grunfeld, Endocrine and metabolic disturbances in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Endocr. Rev, vol.17, pp.518-532, 1996.

G. A. Smith, S. P. Gross, and L. W. Enquist, Herpesviruses use bidirectional fast-axonal transport to spread in sensory neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, vol.98, pp.3466-3470, 2001.

V. Soontornniyomkij, A. Umlauf, B. Soontornniyomkij, B. Gouaux, R. J. Ellis et al., Association of antiretroviral therapy with brain aging changes among HIV-infected adults, AIDS, 2018.

I. Sotiropoulos, C. Catania, L. G. Pinto, R. Silva, G. E. Pollerberg et al., Stress acts cumulatively to precipitate Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology and cognitive deficits, J. Neurosci, vol.31, pp.7840-7847, 2011.

A. L. Stern, S. Ghura, P. J. Gannon, C. Akay-espinoza, X. M. Phan et al., BACE1 mediates HIV-associated and excitotoxic neuronal damage through an APP-dependent mechanism, J. Neurosci, vol.38, pp.4288-4300, 2018.

S. E. Storck, S. Meister, J. Nahrath, J. N. Meißner, N. Schubert et al., Endothelial LRP1 transports amyloid-? 1?42 across the bloodbrain barrier, J. Clin. Invest, vol.126, pp.123-136, 2016.

C. B. Sturdevant, S. B. Joseph, G. Schnell, R. W. Price, R. Swanstrom et al., Compartmentalized replication of R5 T cell-tropic HIV-1 in the central nervous system early in the course of infection, PLoS Pathog, vol.11, 2015.

T. Takahashi, T. Kimoto, N. Tanabe, T. Hattori, N. Yasumatsu et al., Corticosterone acutely prolonged N-methyl-daspartate receptor-mediated Ca 2+ elevation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, J. Neurochem, vol.83, pp.1441-1451, 2002.

K. T. Thakur, A. Boubour, D. Saylor, M. Das, D. R. Bearden et al., Global HIV neurology: a comprehensive review, AIDS, 2018.

R. S. Turner, M. Chadwick, W. A. Horton, G. L. Simon, X. Jiang et al., An individual with human immunodeficiency virus, dementia and central nervous system amyloid deposition, Alzheimers Dement, vol.4, pp.1-5, 2016.

T. Van-bogaert, S. Vandevyver, L. Dejager, F. Van-hauwermeiren, I. Pinheiro et al., Tumor necrosis factor inhibits glucocorticoid receptor function in mice: a strong signal toward lethal shock, J. Biol. Chem, vol.286, pp.26555-26567, 2011.

M. J. Vasek, C. Garber, D. Dorsey, D. M. Durrant, B. Bollman et al., A complement-microglial axis drives synapse loss during virus-induced memory impairment, Nature, vol.534, pp.538-543, 2016.

A. L. Vignoli, I. Martini, K. G. Haglid, L. Silvestroni, G. Augusti-tocco et al., Neuronal glycolytic pathway impairment induced by HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120, Mol. Cell. Biochem, vol.215, pp.73-80, 2000.

M. Vigorito, A. L. Lashomb, C. , and S. L. , Spatial learning and memory in HIV-1 transgenic rats, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol, vol.2, pp.319-328, 2007.

C. E. Virgin, T. P. Ha, D. R. Packan, G. C. Tombaugh, S. H. Yang et al., Glucocorticoids inhibit glucose transport and glutamate uptake in hippocampal astrocytes: implications for glucocorticoid neurotoxicity, J. Neurochem, vol.57, pp.1422-1428, 1991.

Y. Wang, M. Santerre, I. Tempera, K. Martin, R. Mukerjee et al., HIV-1 Vpr disrupts mitochondria axonal transport and accelerates neuronal aging, Neuropharmacology, vol.117, pp.364-375, 2017.

Z. Wang, G. Trillo-pazos, S. Kim, M. Canki, S. Morgello et al., Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on astrocyte gene expression and function: potential role in neuropathogenesis, J. Neurovirol, vol.10, pp.25-32, 2004.

. Who, Estimates for, 2000.

D. W. Williams, K. Anastos, S. Morgello, and J. W. Berman, JAM-A and ALCAM are therapeutic targets to inhibit diapedesis across the BBB of CD14 + CD16 + monocytes in HIV-infected individuals, J. Leukoc. Biol, vol.97, pp.401-412, 2015.

J. Xu and T. Ikezu, The comorbidity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and Alzheimer's disease: a foreseeable medical challenge in post-HAART era, J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol, vol.4, pp.200-212, 2009.

Y. Yamazaki and T. Kanekiyo, Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Int. J. Mol. Sci, vol.18, 1965.

D. Yan, Y. Zhang, L. Liu, Y. , and H. , Pesticide exposure and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Sci. Rep, vol.6, p.32222, 2016.

B. Yang, S. Akhter, A. Chaudhuri, and G. D. Kanmogne, , 2009.

, HIV-1 gp120 induces cytokine expression, leukocyte adhesion and transmigration across the blood-brain barrier: modulatory effects of STAT1 signaling, Microvasc. Res, vol.77, pp.212-219

A. Yusim, L. Franklin, S. Brooke, O. Ajilore, and R. Sapolsky, Glucocorticoids exacerbate the deleterious effects of gp120 in hippocampal and cortical explants, J. Neurochem, vol.74, pp.1000-1007, 2000.

Y. Zeinolabediny, F. Caccuri, L. Colombo, F. Morelli, M. Romeo et al., HIV-1 matrix protein p17 misfolding forms toxic amyloidogenic assemblies that induce neurocognitive disorders, Sci. Rep, vol.7, p.10313, 2017.

Y. L. Zhang, Y. B. Ouyang, L. G. Liu, C. , and D. X. , Blood-brain barrier and neuro-AIDS, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci, vol.19, pp.4927-4939, 2015.

Z. Zhao, A. R. Nelson, C. Betsholtz, and B. V. Zlokovic, Establishment and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, Cell, vol.163, pp.1064-1078, 2015.