F. Prugnolle, P. Durand, B. Ollomo, L. Duval, and F. Ariey, A fresh look at the origin of Plasmodium falciparum, the most malignant malaria agent, PLoS Pathog, vol.7, p.1001283, 2011.

J. C. Rayner, W. Liu, M. Peeters, P. M. Sharp, and B. H. Hahn, A plethora of Plasmodium species in wild apes: a source of human infection?, Trends Parasitol, vol.27, pp.222-229, 2011.

W. Liu, Y. Li, G. H. Learn, R. S. Rudicell, and J. D. Robertson, Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas, Nature, vol.467, pp.420-425, 2010.

F. Prugnolle, P. Durand, C. Neel, B. Ollomo, and F. J. Ayala, African great apes are natural hosts of multiple related malaria species, including Plasmodium falciparum, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.107, pp.1458-1463, 2010.

M. Kaiser, A. Löwa, M. Ulrich, H. Ellerbrok, and A. S. Goffe, Wild chimpanzees infected with 5 Plasmodium species, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.16, pp.1956-1959, 2010.

S. Krief, A. A. Escalante, M. A. Pacheco, L. Mugisha, and C. André, On the diversity of malaria parasites in African apes and the origin of Plasmodium falciparum from Bonobos, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, p.1000765, 2010.

L. Duval, M. Fourment, E. Nerrienet, D. Rousset, and S. A. Sadeuh, African apes as reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the Laverania subgenus, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.107, pp.10561-10566, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00835704

N. O. Verhulst, R. C. Smallegange, and W. Takken, Mosquitoes as potential bridge vectors of malaria parasites from non-human primates to humans, Front Physiol, vol.3, p.197, 2012.

M. E. Sinka, M. J. Bangs, S. Manguin, M. Coetzee, and C. M. Mbogo, The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic precis, Parasit Vectors, vol.3, p.117, 2010.

S. Krief, F. Levrero, J. M. Krief, S. Thanapongpichat, and M. Imwong, Investigations on anopheline mosquitoes close to the nest sites of chimpanzees subject to malaria infection in Ugandan Highlands, Malar J, vol.11, p.116, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00722048

B. Ollomo, P. Durand, F. Prugnolle, E. Douzery, and C. Arnathau, A new malaria agent in African hominids, PLoS Pathog, vol.5, p.1000446, 2009.

R. Culleton, M. Ndounga, F. Y. Zeyrek, C. Coban, and P. N. Casimiro, Evidence for the transmission of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of the Congo, West Central Africa, J Infect Dis, vol.200, pp.1465-1469, 2009.

P. Gautret, F. Legros, P. Koulmann, M. H. Rodier, and J. L. Jacquemin, Imported Plasmodium vivax malaria in France: geographical origin and report of an atypical case acquired in Central or Western Africa, Acta Trop, vol.78, pp.177-181, 2001.

F. Prugnolle, B. Ollomo, P. Durand, E. Yalcindag, and C. Arnathau, African monkeys are infected by Plasmodium falciparum nonhuman primatespecific strains, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.108, pp.11948-11953, 2011.

N. Elissa, F. Migot-nabias, A. Luty, A. Renaut, and F. Touré, Relationship between entomological inoculation rate, Plasmodium falciparum prevalence rate, and incidence of malaria attack in rural Gabon, Acta Trop, vol.85, pp.355-361, 2003.

C. Antonio-nkondjio, C. Ndo, C. Costantini, P. Awono-ambene, and D. Fontenille, Distribution and larval habitat characterization of Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles nili, and other malaria vectors in river networks of southern Cameroon, Acta Trop, vol.112, pp.270-276, 2009.

D. Fontenille and F. Simard, Unravelling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in Africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vector populations, Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, vol.27, pp.357-375, 2004.

M. T. Gillies and B. De-meillon, The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara, Nu, vol.54, 1968.

M. T. Gillies and M. Coetzee, A supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara, vol.143, 1987.

C. Fanello, F. Santolamazza, D. Torre, and A. , Silmutaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex by PCR-RFLP, Med Vet Entomol, vol.16, pp.461-464, 2002.

P. Kengne, P. Awono-ambene, A. Nkondjio, C. Simard, F. Fontenille et al., Molecular identification of members of the Anopheles nili group, African malaria vectors, Med Vet Entomol, vol.7, pp.1-9, 2003.

P. Kengne, A. Nkondjio, C. Awono-ambene, P. Simard, F. Awolola et al., Molecular differentiation of three closely related members of the mosquito species complex, Anopheles moucheti, by mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA polymorphism, Med Vet Entomol, vol.21, pp.177-182, 2007.

T. A. Hall, BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT, Nucleic Acids Symp Ser, vol.41, pp.95-98, 1999.

D. Posada and K. A. Crandall, MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution, Bioinformatics, vol.14, pp.817-818, 1998.

A. Dereeper, V. Guignon, G. Blanc, S. Audic, and S. Buffet, Phylogeny.fr: robust phylogenetic analysis for the non-specialist, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.36, pp.465-469, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00324099

S. Guindon and O. Gascuel, A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood, Syst Biol, vol.52, pp.696-704, 2003.