, Université Lyon 1; Department of, Biometry and Evolutionary Biology LBBE UMR LBBE UMR, vol.6, issue.43, p.69622, 1918.

F. Villeurbanne, 4 Maladies Infectieuses & Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution & Contrôle (MIVEGEC), p.34000

, Animal Ecology Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), vol.752, p.36

, References

C. Combes, Parasitism: the ecology and evolution of intimate interactions, 2001.

S. Gandon, Y. Capowiez, Y. Dubois, Y. Michalakis, and I. Olivieri, Local Adaptation and Gene-For-Gene Coevolution in a Metapopulation Model, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.263, issue.1373, pp.1003-1012, 1996.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1996.0148
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00336364

S. Gandon and Y. Michalakis, Local adaptation, evolutionary potential and host-parasite coevolution: interactions between migration, mutation, population size and generation time, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.53, issue.3, pp.451-62, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/2463359

N. Bruyndonckx, I. Henry, P. Christe, and G. Kerth, is shaped by its own demography and the social system of its bat host, Molecular Ecology, vol.262, issue.17, pp.3581-92, 2009.
DOI : 10.7208/chicago/9780226797670.001.0001

S. Gandon, Local adaptation and the geometry of host-parasite coevolution, Ecology Letters, vol.10, issue.2, pp.246-56, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/360121a0

A. Morgan, S. Gandon, and A. Buckling, The effect of migration on local adaptation in a coevolving host???parasite system, Nature, vol.19, issue.7056, pp.253-259, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.391926.x

M. Whitlock, The Red Queen Beats the Jack-Of-All-Trades: The Limitations on the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity and Niche Breadth, The American Naturalist, vol.148, pp.65-77, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/285902

M. Lajeunesse and M. Forbes, Host range and local parasite adaptation, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.269, issue.1492, pp.703-713, 2002.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1943

K. Filchak, J. Roethele, and J. Feder, Natural selection and sympatric divergence in the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella, Nature, vol.53, issue.6805, pp.739-781, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05344.x

K. Mccoy, E. Chapuis, C. Tirard, T. Boulinier, Y. Michalakis et al., Recurrent evolution of host-specialized races in a globally distributed parasite, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.32, issue.4, pp.2389-95, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1202-569
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00085431

D. Meeûs, T. Koffi, B. Barré, N. De-garine-wichatitsky, M. Chevillon et al., Swift sympatric adaptation of a species of cattle tick to a new deer host in New Caledonia, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.10, issue.7, pp.976-83, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.06.005

F. Kempf, D. Meeûs, T. Vaumourin, E. Noel, V. Taragel-'ová et al., Host races in Ixodes ricinus, the European vector of Lyme borreliosis, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.11, issue.8, pp.2043-2051, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.016
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02004424

M. Dietrich, F. Kempf, T. Boulinier, and K. Mccoy, Molecular Ecology, vol.139, issue.13, pp.3292-305, 2014.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182011001806

M. Dietrich, E. Lobato, T. Boulinier, and K. Mccoy, An experimental test of host specialization in a ubiquitous polar ectoparasite: a role for adaptation?, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.163, issue.3, pp.576-87, 2014.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.000245

K. Mccoy, E. Léger, and M. Dietrich, Host specialization in ticks and transmission of tick-borne diseases: a review, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol.3, 2013.
DOI : 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00057

F. Tripet and H. Richner, The coevolutionary potential of a ???generalist??? parasite, the hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae, Parasitology, vol.115, issue.4, pp.419-446, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182097001467

H. Richner, A. Oppliger, and P. Christe, Effect of an Ectoparasite on Reproduction in Great Tits, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.62, issue.4, pp.703-713, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/5390

P. Fitze, J. Clobert, and H. Richner, LONG-TERM LIFE-HISTORY CONSEQUENCES OF ECTOPARASITE-MODULATED GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Ecology, vol.85, issue.7, pp.2018-2044, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/3545617

M. Lemoine, B. Doligez, M. Passerault, and H. Richner, Influence of host profitability and microenvironmental conditions on parasite specialization on a main and an alternative hosts, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.292, issue.6, pp.1212-1237, 2011.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059026
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00698008

M. Lemoine, B. Doligez, and H. Richner, On the Equivalence of Host Local Adaptation and Parasite Maladaptation: An Experimental Test, The American Naturalist, vol.179, issue.2, pp.270-81, 2011.
DOI : 10.1086/663699
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00698012

A. Appelgren, K. Mccoy, H. Richner, and B. Doligez, ??(Schrank), Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.32, issue.5, pp.1091-101, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2001.320313.x

T. Binz, D. Bonfils, F. Balloux, and H. Richner, Isolation and characterization of 23 microsatellite loci in the hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.86, issue.2, pp.215-222, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573

F. Rousset and . Genepop, genepop???007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.145, issue.1, pp.103-109, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00366752

C. Van-oosterhout, W. Hutchinson, D. Wills, and P. Shipley, micro-checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.8, issue.3, pp.535-543, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00477.x

J. Goudet, FSTAT (Version 1.2): A Computer Program to Calculate F-Statistics, Journal of Heredity, vol.86, issue.6, pp.485-491, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111627

B. Weir and C. Cockerham, Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure, Evolution, vol.38, pp.1358-70, 1984.

P. Hedrick, A STANDARDIZED GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION MEASURE, Evolution, vol.15, issue.8, pp.1633-1641, 2005.
DOI : 10.2307/2406450

P. Meirmans, USING THE AMOVA FRAMEWORK TO ESTIMATE A STANDARDIZED GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION MEASURE, Evolution, vol.139, issue.11, pp.2399-402, 2006.
DOI : 10.2307/2406450

T. Jombart, adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers, Bioinformatics, vol.3, issue.11, pp.1403-1408, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428105

R. Team and . Core, R: a language and environment for statistical computing R foundation for statistical computing, pp.3-900051

R. Peakall and P. Smouse, genalex 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.35, issue.1, pp.288-95, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00518.x

R. Peakall and P. Smouse, GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research--an update, Bioinformatics, vol.20, issue.6, pp.2537-2539, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04996.x

J. Pritchard, M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Genetics, vol.155, pp.945-59, 2000.

J. Pritcharda, X. Wena, and D. Falushb, Documentation for structure software: Version 2.3, 2009.

D. Earl, STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method, Conservation Genetics Resources, vol.10, issue.2, pp.359-61, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s10592-008-9622-1

G. Evanno, S. Regnaut, and J. Goudet, Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.2611-2631, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1600

A. Teriokhin, D. Meeûs, T. Guégan, and J. , On the power of some binomial modifications of the Bonferroni multiple test, Zh Obshch Biol, vol.68, pp.332-372, 2007.

D. Meeûs, T. Guégan, J. Teriokhin, and A. , MultiTest V.1.2, a program to binomially combine independent tests and performance comparison with other related methods on proportional data, BMC Bioinformatics, vol.10, issue.1, p.443, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2105-10-443

D. Meeûs and T. , Statistical decision from k test series with particular focus on population genetics tools: A DIY notice, Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol.22, pp.91-94, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.005

D. Queller and K. Goodnight, ESTIMATING RELATEDNESS USING GENETIC MARKERS, Evolution, vol.72, issue.2, pp.258-75, 1989.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.72.1.143

P. Heeb, I. Werner, H. Richner, and M. Kolliker, Horizontal Transmission and Reproductive Rates of Hen Fleas in Great Tit Nests, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.65, issue.4, pp.474-84, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/5782

F. Tripet and H. Richner, Density-Dependent Processes in the Population Dynamics of a Bird Ectoparasite Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ecology, vol.80, issue.4, pp.1267-77, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/177073

J. Bates and M. Rothschild, Field studies on the behaviour of bird fleas, Parasitology, vol.60, issue.1-2, pp.113-145, 1962.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182000024057

D. Humphries, The host-finding behaviour of the hen flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank) (Siphonaptera), Parasitology, vol.89, issue.02, pp.403-417, 1968.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02120209

A. Ponchon, D. Gremillet, B. Doligez, T. Chambert, T. Tveraa et al., Tracking prospecting movements involved in breeding habitat selection: insights, pitfalls and perspectives, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.80, issue.2, pp.143-50, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2009.00243.x
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00259.x/pdf

J. Moore, Parasites and the behavior of animals, 2002.

M. Lemoine, K. Lucek, C. Perrier, V. Saladin, F. Adriaensen et al., Low but contrasting neutral genetic differentiation shaped by winter temperature in European great tits, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.19, issue.3, pp.668-85, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04715.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-pdf/118/3/668/16718364/bij12745.pdf

M. Lemoine, Local adaptation and dispersal ability in a host-parasite system genetic and experimental approaches in the great tit (Parus major) and its main Ectoparasite, the hen flea (Ceratophyllus Gallinae), 2011.

E. Mazé-guilmo, S. Blanchet, K. Mccoy, and G. Loot, Host dispersal as the driver of parasite genetic structure: a paradigm lost?, Ecology Letters, vol.19, issue.3, pp.336-383, 2016.
DOI : 10.2307/2406450

F. Witsenburg, L. Clement, A. Lopez-baucells, J. Palmeirim, I. Pavlinic et al., How a haemosporidian parasite of bats gets around: the genetic structure of a parasite, vector and host compared, Molecular Ecology, vol.15, issue.4, pp.926-966, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

C. Dick and B. Patterson, Bat flies: obligate ectoparasites of bats. Micromammals macroparasites, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/978-4-431-36025-4_11

, Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter, pp.179-194

L. Rodrigues and J. Palmeirim, Migratory behaviour of the Schreiber's bat: when, where and why do cave bats migrate in a Mediterranean region?, Journal of Zoology, vol.71, issue.2, pp.116-141, 2008.
DOI : 10.1017/S0952836903004722

C. Chevillon, T. De-meeûs, and K. Mccoy, Population genetics and molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases New frontiers of molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases, pp.45-76, 2012.

B. Krasnov, Functional and evolutionary ecology of fleas: a model for ecological parasitology, 2008.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511542688

J. Thompson, The geographic mosaic of coevolution, 2005.

S. Altizer, R. Bartel, and B. Han, Animal Migration and Infectious Disease Risk, Science, vol.64, issue.2, pp.296-302, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00845.x

J. Nowakowski and A. Vaehaetalo, is the great tit Parus major an irruptive migrant in north-East Europe?, Ardea, vol.91, pp.231-275, 2003.

K. Weidinger and M. Kral, Climatic effects on arrival and laying dates in a long-distance migrant, the Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis, Ibis, vol.147, issue.Suppl. 1, pp.836-883, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03391.x

S. Cramp and C. Perrins, The birds of the western Palearctic, IX buntings and New World warblers, 1994.

J. Rybinski, P. Sirkiä, S. Mcfarlane, N. Vallin, D. Wheatcroft et al., Competition-driven build-up of habitat isolation and selection favoring modified dispersal patterns in a young avian hybrid zone, Evolution, vol.5, issue.10, pp.2226-2238, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/ncomms4412

B. Krasnov, I. Khokhlova, I. Oguzoglu, and N. Burdelova, Host discrimination by two desert fleas using an odour cue, Animal Behaviour, vol.64, issue.1, pp.33-40, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/anbe.2002.3030

H. Rundle and P. Nosil, Ecological speciation, Ecology Letters, vol.5, issue.3, pp.336-52, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00707.x

K. Mccoy, Host-parasite determinants of parasite population structure: lessons from bats and mites on the importance of time, Molecular Ecology, vol.44, issue.17, pp.3545-3552, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04300.x

D. Coster, G. , D. Neve, L. Martin-galvez, D. Therry et al., Variation in innate immunity in relation to ectoparasite load, age and season: a field experiment in great tits (Parus major), Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.213, issue.17, pp.3012-3020, 2010.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.042721

J. Brommer, N. Pitala, H. Siitari, E. Kluen, and L. Gustafsson, ) in Response to Manipulation of Ectoparasites and Food Supply, The Auk, vol.128, issue.3, pp.556-63, 2011.
DOI : 10.1525/auk.2011.10284

A. Basso, M. Coslovsky, and H. Richner, Parasite- and predator-induced maternal effects in the great tit ( Parus major ), Behavioral Ecology, vol.60, issue.5, pp.1105-1119, 2014.
DOI : 10.2307/5459

M. Wegmann, B. Voegeli, and H. Richner, Parasites suppress immune-enhancing effect of methionine in nestling great tits, Oecologia, vol.101, issue.1, pp.213-234, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00556-8