Global subterranean estuaries modify groundwater nutrient loading to the ocean
Stephanie J Wilson
(1)
,
Amy Moody
(2)
,
Tristan Mckenzie
(3)
,
M Bayani Cardenas
(4)
,
Elco Luijendijk
(5)
,
Audrey H Sawyer
(6)
,
Alicia Wilson
(7)
,
Holly A Michael
(8)
,
Bochao Xu
(9)
,
Karen L Knee
(10)
,
Hyung‐mi Cho
(11)
,
Yishai Weinstein
(12)
,
Adina Paytan
(13)
,
Nils Moosdorf
,
Chen‐tung Aurthur Chen
(14)
,
Melanie Beck
(15)
,
Cody Lopez
(16)
,
Dorina Murgulet
(16)
,
Guebuem Kim
(17)
,
Mathew A Charette
(18)
,
Hannelore Waska
(15)
,
J Severino P Ibánhez
,
Gwénaëlle Chaillou
(19)
,
Till Oehler
,
Shin‐ichi Onodera
(20)
,
Mitsuyo Saito
(20)
,
Valenti Rodellas
(21)
,
Natasha Dimova
(22)
,
Daniel Montiel
(22)
,
Henrietta Dulai
(23)
,
Christina Richardson
(13)
,
Jinzhou Du
(24)
,
Eric Petermann
(25)
,
Xiaogang Chen
(26)
,
Kay L Davis
(27)
,
Sebastien Lamontagne
(28)
,
Ryo Sugimoto
(29)
,
Guizhi Wang
(30)
,
Hailong Li
(31)
,
Américo I Torres
(32)
,
Cansu Demir
(4)
,
Emily Bristol
(4)
,
Craig T Connolly
(4)
,
James W Mcclelland
(4)
,
Brenno J Silva
(33)
,
Douglas Tait
,
Bsk Kumar
(34)
,
R Viswanadham
(34)
,
Vvss Sarma
(34)
,
Emmanoel Silva‐filho
(35)
,
Alan Shiller
(2)
,
Alanna Lecher
(36)
,
Joseph Tamborski
(37)
,
Henry Bokuniewicz
(38)
,
Carlos Rocha
(39)
,
Anja Reckhardt
(40)
,
Michael Ernst Böttcher
(41)
,
Shan Jiang
,
Thomas Stieglitz
(42)
,
Houégnon Géraud Vinel Gbewezoun
(43)
,
Céline Charbonnier
(44)
,
Pierre Anschutz
(45)
,
Laura M Hernández‐terrones
(46)
,
Suresh Babu
(47)
,
Beata Szymczycha
(48)
,
Mahmood Sadat‐noori
(49)
,
Felipe Niencheski
(50)
,
Kimberly Null
,
Craig Tobias
(51)
,
Bongkeun Song
(52)
,
Iris C Anderson
(52)
,
Isaac R Santos
(3)
1
Smithsonian Institution
2 USM - University of Southern Mississippi
3 Department of Physics [Gothenburg]
4 University of Texas at Austin [Austin]
5 BIO / UiB - Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen]
6 OSU - The Ohio State University [Columbus]
7 University of South Carolina [Columbia]
8 University of Delaware [Newark]
9 FIO - First Institute of Oceanography [Qingdao]
10 AU - American University Washington D.C.
11 Inha University
12 Bar-Ilan University [Israël]
13 UC Santa Cruz - University of California [Santa Cruz]
14 NSYSU - National Sun Yat-sen University
15 OFFIS - Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg = Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
16 Texas A&M University [Galveston]
17 SNU - Seoul National University [Seoul]
18 WHOI - Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry
19 UQAR - Université du Québec à Rimouski
20 Hiroshima University
21 UAB - Departament de Matemàtiques [Barcelona]
22 UA - University of Alabama [Tuscaloosa]
23 University of Hawaii
24 ECNU - East China Normal University [Shangaï]
25 BfS - Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz - Federal Office for Radiation Protection
26 Westlake University [Zhejiang]
27 AIMS Perth - Australian Institute of Marine Science [Perth]
28 CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra]
29 Fukui Prefectural University [Fukui, Japon]
30 Xiamen University
31 Shenzen Technology University
32 CENPAT - Centro Nacional Patagónico
33 Federal University of Pernambuco [Recife]
34 National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries - National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
35 IFF - Instituto Federal Fluminense
36 Florida Atlantic University [Boca Raton]
37 ODU - Old Dominion University [Norfolk]
38 SBU - Stony Brook University [SUNY]
39 Trinity College Dublin
40 ICBM - Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment
41 Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald
42 CEREGE - Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement
43 UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi
44 UB - Université de Bordeaux
45 Plateforme Bordeaux Metabolome
46 CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
47 NCESS - National Centre for Earth Science Studies [India]
48 IO-PAN - Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences
49 UNSW - University of New South Wales [Sydney]
50 UFRN - Univesidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte = Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte
51 UCONN - University of Connecticut
52 VIMS - Virginia Institute of Marine Science
2 USM - University of Southern Mississippi
3 Department of Physics [Gothenburg]
4 University of Texas at Austin [Austin]
5 BIO / UiB - Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen]
6 OSU - The Ohio State University [Columbus]
7 University of South Carolina [Columbia]
8 University of Delaware [Newark]
9 FIO - First Institute of Oceanography [Qingdao]
10 AU - American University Washington D.C.
11 Inha University
12 Bar-Ilan University [Israël]
13 UC Santa Cruz - University of California [Santa Cruz]
14 NSYSU - National Sun Yat-sen University
15 OFFIS - Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg = Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg
16 Texas A&M University [Galveston]
17 SNU - Seoul National University [Seoul]
18 WHOI - Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry
19 UQAR - Université du Québec à Rimouski
20 Hiroshima University
21 UAB - Departament de Matemàtiques [Barcelona]
22 UA - University of Alabama [Tuscaloosa]
23 University of Hawaii
24 ECNU - East China Normal University [Shangaï]
25 BfS - Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz - Federal Office for Radiation Protection
26 Westlake University [Zhejiang]
27 AIMS Perth - Australian Institute of Marine Science [Perth]
28 CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra]
29 Fukui Prefectural University [Fukui, Japon]
30 Xiamen University
31 Shenzen Technology University
32 CENPAT - Centro Nacional Patagónico
33 Federal University of Pernambuco [Recife]
34 National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries - National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
35 IFF - Instituto Federal Fluminense
36 Florida Atlantic University [Boca Raton]
37 ODU - Old Dominion University [Norfolk]
38 SBU - Stony Brook University [SUNY]
39 Trinity College Dublin
40 ICBM - Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment
41 Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald
42 CEREGE - Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement
43 UAC - Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi
44 UB - Université de Bordeaux
45 Plateforme Bordeaux Metabolome
46 CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
47 NCESS - National Centre for Earth Science Studies [India]
48 IO-PAN - Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences
49 UNSW - University of New South Wales [Sydney]
50 UFRN - Univesidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte = Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte
51 UCONN - University of Connecticut
52 VIMS - Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Stephanie J Wilson
- Function : Author
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- ORCID : 0000-0002-5484-0748
Amy Moody
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Tristan Mckenzie
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M Bayani Cardenas
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Elco Luijendijk
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Audrey H Sawyer
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Alicia Wilson
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Bochao Xu
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Karen L Knee
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Yishai Weinstein
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Adina Paytan
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Nils Moosdorf
- Function : Author
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Chen‐tung Aurthur Chen
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Melanie Beck
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Dorina Murgulet
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Guebuem Kim
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Mathew A Charette
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Hannelore Waska
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J Severino P Ibánhez
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Gwénaëlle Chaillou
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Till Oehler
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Shin‐ichi Onodera
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Valenti Rodellas
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Natasha Dimova
- Function : Author
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Daniel Montiel
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Henrietta Dulai
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Christina Richardson
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Jinzhou Du
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Eric Petermann
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Xiaogang Chen
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Kay L Davis
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Sebastien Lamontagne
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Ryo Sugimoto
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Hailong Li
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Américo I Torres
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Cansu Demir
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Emily Bristol
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Craig T Connolly
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James W Mcclelland
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Brenno J Silva
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Douglas Tait
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Bsk Kumar
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R Viswanadham
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Vvss Sarma
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Emmanoel Silva‐filho
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Alan Shiller
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Alanna Lecher
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Joseph Tamborski
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Henry Bokuniewicz
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Anja Reckhardt
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Michael Ernst Böttcher
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Shan Jiang
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Thomas Stieglitz
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Houégnon Géraud Vinel Gbewezoun
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Pierre Anschutz
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Beata Szymczycha
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Mahmood Sadat‐noori
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Felipe Niencheski
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Kimberly Null
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Craig Tobias
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Bongkeun Song
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Iris C Anderson
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Isaac R Santos
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Abstract
Terrestrial groundwater travels through subterranean estuaries before reaching the sea. Groundwater-derived nutrients drive coastal water quality, primary production, and eutrophication. We determined how dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) are transformed within subterranean estuaries and estimated submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) nutrient loads compiling > 10,000 groundwater samples from 216 sites worldwide. Nutrients exhibited complex, non- conservative behavior in subterranean estuaries. Fresh groundwater DIN and DIP are usually produced, and DON is consumed during transport. Median total SGD (saline and fresh) fluxes globally were 5.4, 2.6, and 0.18 Tmol yr1 for DIN, DON, and DIP, respectively. Despite large natural variability, total SGD fluxes likely exceed global riverine nutrient export. Fresh SGD is a small source of new nutrients, but saline SGD is an important source of mostly recycled nutrients. Nutrients exported via SGD via subterranean estuaries are critical to coastal biogeochemistry and a significant nutrient source to the oceans.
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